REFERENCES.  1. Downing, 1857:117. 2. Warder, 1867:712. 3. Thomas, 1875:492.
   SYNONYMS.  Baker's Sweet (1). Late Golden Sweet (1). Long Stem Sweet (1). Winter Golden Sweet (1,3).
A golden yellow apple of good size and attractive appearance. Because it is sweet, not a late keeper and drops readily from the tree it is of little commercial value except where it can be disposed of in local market, notwithstanding that the tree is very productive. It is a good variety for the home orchard where a sweet apple, ripening in late autumn, is desired.
Historical.  This is an old variety, formerly much grown in parts of New England (1). It is but little grown in New York state.

TREE.
Tree medium size, only moderately vigorous or a slow grower; branches dark, rather slender, somewhat resembling Jonathan (1).
Form spreading.
Twigs rather stout.

FRUIT
Fruit large to medium, pretty uniform in size and shape.
Form roundish to oblate, usually regular.
Stem (Pedicel) short to rather long, rather slender.
Cavity large, acute to acuminate, deep, rather broad, sometimes partly russeted and with outspreading rays, symmetrical.
Calyx pubescent, medium, closed; lobes broad at base, acute.
Basin shallow to moderately deep, narrow to above medium in width, somewhat abrupt, a little furrowed.
Skin moderately thin, tough, nearly smooth except for some patches of russet and conspicuous russet dots, good yellow with shade of brownish-red blush on exposed cheek.
Prevailing effect good yellow.
Dots conspicuous russet
Calyx tube medium, somewhat funnel-shape.
Stamens median.
Core above medium to large abaxile; cells open, sometimes unsymmetrical; core lines meeting.
Carpels very broadly ovate to roundish, tufted.
Seeds dark, medium to rather small, plump, acute, tufted.
Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately fine, rather tender, rather juicy, very sweet, pleasant, good to very good.
Season October to December.

The Baldwin is a bright red winter apple, above medium in size or large, and very good in quality when grown under favorable conditions. It stands handling well because of its firm texture and thick skin. It is a favorite market variety because of its desirable season, good size, attractive red color and good quality.
   [Triploid (33).]
   The Baldwin is preeminently the leading variety in the commercial orchards in New York, New England, certain regions in Southern Canada, in the southern peninsula of Michigan and on the clay soils of Northern Ohio. In many localities in Northern New York it is apt to winter-kill, especially in the higher altitudes. For the same reason it also fails in portions of Michigan and west of the Great Lakes. In the South and Southwest it is not desirable because it there becomes a fall apple and also because it does not attain as good quality as it does in the Baldwin belt. From Colorado to Washington it is more or less grown in many localities.
   Not only is the Baldwin a standard fruit in American markets but it is one of the leading apples used for export trade. It is one of the principal varieties handled in cold storage. The apples of this variety which are unsuitable for barrelling supply a large part of the evaporator stock in New York state, and are also used to some extent by canneries.
The tree is a strong grower, long-lived and vigorous. The accompanying view illustrates the vigorous development of mature Baldwin trees, as also does the frontispiece. It is somewhat slow in reaching bearing maturity, but when mature it bears very abundantly. In fact, one of the faults of this variety is its habit of producing an overload of fruit biennially and bearing little or none on alternate years. On rather light, sandy or gravelly soils the fruit is apt to have a better color, or at least to color earlier in the season, than it does when grown on heavy clay lands. Some hold that fruit from the lighter or more gravelly soils ripens earlier and consequently scalds earlier in storage than do the duller colored Baldwins grown on heavier soils. The Baldwin is grown successfully on various soils and under various climatic conditions. Besides the other good points of the Baldwin which have been noticed above, it has the advantage of yielding a pretty uniform grade of fruit with a low percentage of culls, when kept free from injurious insects and fungous diseases.

The Baldwin foliage and fruit are often much injured by the apple scab fungus. It has often been remarked that the prevention of fungus diseases and of the attacks of insects, by proper spraying, not only increases the yield of marketable fruit but improves the quality as well. The Baldwin Spot is the name given to brown flecks in the flesh of Baldwin apples. This is not caused by either insects or fungi. It is a physiological defect which is more apt to appear in overgrown than in medium-sized fruit. No remedy is known.⁴⁵  [Now more-commonly known as "bitter pit", this malady can be prevented by ensuring that your trees are well-supplied with calcium and an even water supply. Calcium sprays on the young, developing fruit are a good idea as well, particularly among cultivars, like 'Baldwin' that are more susceptible to bitter pit. -ASC]

Historical.  Soon after 1740 the Baldwin came up as a chance seedling on the farm of Mr. John Ball, Wilmington, near Lowell, Mass., and for about 40 years thereafter its cultivation was confined to that immediate neighborhood. The farm eventually came into the possession of a Mr. Butters, who gave the name Woodpecker to the apple because the tree was frequented by woodpeckers. The apple was long known locally as the Woodpecker or Pecker. It was also called the Butters.⁴⁶ Deacon Samuel Thompson, a surveyor of Woburn, brought it to the attention of Col. Baldwin of the same town, by whom it was propagated and more widely introduced in Eastern Massachusetts. as early as 1784. From Col. Baldwin's interest in the variety it came to be called the Baldwin.⁴⁷
In 1817 the original tree was still alive but it perished between 1817 and 1832.⁴⁸  A monument to the Baldwin apple now marks the location.
Coxe in his work on fruits in 1817 makes no mention of the Baldwin. Thacher's American Orchardist, published in Boston in 1832, gives it very brief but favorable mention. Floy in his American edition of Lindley, Guide to the Orchard, New York, 1833, does not mention it, but in the appendix to the 1846 edition he describes the Baldwin and states that "in the Eastern States (New England) it is well known, highly esteemed, and extensively cultivated." Kenrick's New American Orchardist, Boston, 1833, says, "No apple in the vicinity of Boston is so popular as this, at the present day. It is raised in large quantities for the market * * * and is recommended for extensive cultivation."
   Hovey in 1852 published an extended description of Baldwin with colored plate (12). He remarks, "The Baldwin is the most popular apple of New England, and is cultivated to a much greater extent than any other variety.  Several large and fine orchards are to be found in the vicinity of Boston, some of which produce about one thousand barrels of fruit every bearing year. For exportation it is much sought after; and the large number of fifteen hundred barrels have been sent to the East Indies in one season."
Prior to 1850 the Baldwin was but little known in New York state. After that date, with the extension of the planting of commercial orchards, it came rapidly into popularity and gained the supremacy among the commercial apples of New York which it still holds.

TREE.
Tree large, very vigorous; branches large, strong. Form upright spreading, eventually becoming rather round and somewhat dense. Twigs long, straight, or somewhat crooked, moderately stout; internodes medium to long. Bark dark brownish-red mingled with. olive-green and faintly marked with thin scarf-skin; somewhat pubescent. Lenticels numerous, conspicuous, raised, usually oblong, sometimes large. Buds medium to large, broad or roundish, acute, pubescent, free or nearly so. Leaves often broad and large to very large; foliage rather dense.
[Disease Resistance:  Susceptible to scab and Baldwin spot. (Burford)
Flowering:  Same time as 'Wolf River' and one day after 'Cox Orange' (33).]

FRUIT.
Fruit sometimes large to very large; usually above medium [7.6 cm in diameter x 6.8 cm high (33)]; pretty uniform in size. Form roundish inclined to conic, varying to roundish oblong; often faintly ribbed or somewhat irregular; symmetrical; fairly uniform in shape. Stem usually medium, to long. Cavity acute, medium to rather deep, rather broad, often somewhat furrowed, sometimes compressed, sometimes lipped, often russeted, with outspreading rays of russet or deep green. Calyx small to rather large; closed or somewhat open; lobes long, acute to acuminate. Basin abrupt, narrow to moderately wide; often distinctly furrowed; slightly corrugated.
Skin tough, smooth, light yellow or greenish, blushed and mottled with bright red, indistinctly striped with deep carmine. Flecks of russet, or even broken russet lines, may occasionally be seen on the base of the fruit. Dots gray or whitish, depressed, small and numerous toward the basin, more scattering, conspicuous, large, irregular, or elongted towards the cavity. Prevailing effect is bright red.
Calyx tube conical, rather short and wide with projection of fleshy pistil point into its base. Stamens basal.
Core medium or below, nearly axile, closed or partly open; core lines meeting. Carpels roundish ovate, emarginate, somewhat tufted. Seeds variable, often abortive; when normally developed they are large, long, acute, and dark brown.
Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately coarse, crisp, rather tender, juicy to very juicy, agreeably subacid, sprightly, somewhat aromatic, good to very good.
Season November to March or April in common storage; to May or later in cold storage.⁴⁹
Uses. Well adapted for general market, dessert and culinary uses.  [All-purpose, but especially good for pies, cider & dessert (Burford).
[Keeping ability: Good, if not affected by Baldwin spot. (Burford).  10 weeks-6 months (33).]

REFERENCES.  1. Craig and Allen, Can. Hort., 16:420. 1893. fig. 2. Nova Scotia Fr. Gr. Assn. Rpt., 1894:81, 129. 3. Sears, Can. Hort., 22:476. 1899.  4. Caston, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 9:55. 1902.   5. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1903:166.
   SYNONYMS.  BANKS GRAVENSTEIN (2). BANKS RED GRAVENSTEIN (1,4). Red Gravenstein (3).
In 1903 R.W. Starr, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, presented to the American Pomological Society the following report concerning this variety (5). "A bud sport from Gravenstein, much the same in season and flavor, but bright red, less ribbed, more regular in shape, a generally a little smaller in size.  First noticed and propagated by C.E. Banks, of Berwick, Kings Co., N.S. It is well liked and is being quite largely planted." It appears that this sport first came into bearing about 1880 (1).  In 1899 Sears (3) remarked, "The Banks or Red Gravenstein is gaining in popularity because it combines with the superior quality of the ordinary Gravenstein the bright red color which people demand who judge the apple by its appearance alone."
Except in points of difference above noted, Banks appears to be identical to Gravenstein and the reader is referred to the description of that variety for a technical account of the tree and fruit.  So far as we can learn this variety is not yet planted to any considerable extent in New York.

REFERENCES. 1. Gibb, Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1883. 2. Budd, Ia. Agr. College Bul., 1885:18. 3. Beach and Close, N.Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 1896:275-276. fig. 4. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:112. 1904.
Synonyms. Dept. No. 467 (2). Sugar Barbel (4). SUGAR BARBEL (3).
   This is an attractive, dark red, winter apple of no special value in this region (3). It ranks good for dessert but only fair to good for culinary uses.

   Historical.  It was imported from Russia by the U. S. Department of Agriculture under No. 467 about 1870 (2). Stock was received for testing at this Station from Dr. T. H. Hoskins, Newport, Vt., 1888.

TREE.
   Tree vigorous, spreading, rather open. Twigs long to medium, rather slender to moderately stout; internodes short to medium. Bark dark brownish-red mottled with light scarf-skin. Lenticels numerous, small to medium, round or somewhat elongated; pubescent. Buds medium in size, plump, broad, obtuse to acute, appressed; pubescent. Leaves large, broad.

FRUIT.
   Fruit medium to large. Form oblate to oblate conic, slightly ribbed, pretty symmetrical. Stem short to medium, often thick. Cavity acute to acuminate, deep, rather wide, with outspreading russet rays. Calyx rather large, broad, open or partly closed. Basin broad, rather abrupt, moderately deep, corrugated.
   Skin dull yellow, overspread with dark red, sparingly marked with yellowish dots and russet flecks. Prevailing effect good, dark red.
   Calyx tube funnel-form with long cylinder. Stamens median. Core axile, closed. Seed medium size to rather large, tufted, obtuse.
Flesh tinged with yellow, rather coarse, firm, crisp, moderately juicy, moderately subacid, eventually becoming sweet or nearly so, slightly aromatic, good.
Season October to February or later.

REFERENCES. 1. Hexamer, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1899:89. 2. Hexamer, Amer. Agric., 62:569. Dec. 3, 1808. figs. 3. Fancier's Review and Fruit Grower, Chatham, N. Y., Nov., 1899:5 4. Johnson, Amer. Agric., 75:79. 1905. figs. 5. Beach, West. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1901:76.
SYNONYMS. PRIDE OF THE HUDSON (1,2, 4). Pride of Hudson (5). Coon (locally).

This variety has been known for many years in Clermont, Columbia county, where a few trees of it were in their prime fifty years ago. Mr. Jacob Barringer of Germantown, N. Y., was the first to propagate it from these old trees (1, 4). Columbia county fruit growers report that it is worthy of a place in the commercial orchard, the tree very thrifty, long-lived and productive, the fruit good in size, showy and of excellent quality. At the American Institute in New York in 1898 the fruit was exhibited under the name Pride of the Hudson, but in 1899 this name was changed to Barringer.

TREE.
Tree vigorous; branches long and moderately stout. Form upright spreading, rather open. Twigs long, slightly curved, with thick tips; internodes short. Bark reddish-brown, with light streaks of scarf-skin; pubescent.  Lenticels numerous, small, roundish. Buds of medium size, broad, obtuse, free, pubescent. Leaves medium, broad.

FRUIT.
Fruit above medium to large. Form roundish conical, slightly ribbed, sometimes flattened. Stem long. Cawvity acute to acuminate, moderately deep, rather broad, somewhat furrowed and partly russeted, often lipped.
   Skin bright red handsomely striped with dark red and slightly dotted, unusually attractive (4). Calyx tube cone-shaped. Core rather large. Core lines clasping. Flesh white, tinged with yellow, very fine, juicy, mild subacid, very good.
Season ordinarily early winter but it may keep till spring (1, 4).

TREE.
Tree a good grower; well branched with long upright branches. Form upright, becoming spreading and somewhat open. Twigs curved and often crooked, long, medium, stout; internodes long. Bark rather light olive-green shading to reddish-brown and overlaid with thin gray scarf-skin; quite pubescent. Lenticels scattering, usually small, round, slightly raised. Buds large, broad, obtuse, appressed, pubescent. Leaves large or very large, broad.

FRUIT.
   Fruit medium, sometimes large. Form roundish oblate to roundish conic, obscurely ribbed, somewhat irregular. Stem medium. Cavity acute, deep, rather broad, usually with some thin greenish russet, broadly furrowed.  Calyx small to medium, closed; lobes acute. Basin abrupt, rather shallow to rather deep, narrow to moderately wide, with narrow furrows and wrinkled.
   Skin tough, smooth, clear pale yellow or greenish with faint shade of red on the exposed cheek. Dots numerous, minute, pale, submerged, and a few show a brown or russet point. Prevailing effect green or greenish yellow.
Calyx tube medium size, conical or funnel-shaped. Stamens marginal.
   Core medium to rather large, abaxile, open; core lines clasping. Carpels elliptical, much concave, emarginate, tufted. Seeds numerous, medium, obtuse, medium to dark brown.
Flesh firm, moderately fine to fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, sprightly, good.
Season. Late.

REFERENCES. 1. Lucas, Ill. Handb. der Obstk., 4:559. 1864. 2. Leroy, 1873:92. fig. 3. Budd, Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 8:49. 1881-2. 4. Budd, Ia. Sta. Bul., 19:342. 1892. 5. Gaucher, Pomologie, 1894. col. pl. 6. Fulton, Mich. Sta. Bul., 187:85. 1901. 7. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:28. 1902. 8. Budd-Hansen, 1903:44.
SYNONYM. Pomme de Transylvania (2).

An attractive yellow apple sometimes blushed, desirable for market and culinary uses and acceptable for dessert. If productive enough it is doubtless worthy of a place in the commercial orchards. As tested at the Geneva Station it has not yet proved very productive. It has made a similar record at the Michigan Station.
   Origin, Transylvania (1, 2).

TREE.
Tree a poor grower in the nursery (4), moderately vigorous; branches short, moderately stout. Form upright spreading or roundish, dense. Twigs long to medium in length, nearly straight, medium stout; internodes rather short. Bark dark reddish-brown, mottled with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent.  Lenticels numerous, small, generally roundish, raised. Buds medium or below medium in size, narrow, acute, appressed, rather pubescent. Leaves large, broad.

FRUIT.
Fruit medium or above; pretty uniform in size and shape. Form roundish to slightly roundish conic, sometimes a little inclined to oblong, rather regular.  Stem medium to short, rather slender. Cavity acuminate, moderately broad to rather narrow, wavy, bright green with whitish spots, sometimes russeted.  Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, moderately deep, rather narrow, sometimes furrowed and wrinkled, sides sometimes compressed.
Skin smooth, clear, bright, almost waxen yellow, often with no shade of red but sometimes having a distinct blush. Dots small and inconspicuous, usually submerged. Prevailing effect attractive yellow.
Calyx tube long, rather narrow, conical or approaching funnel-form.
Stamens median.
Core small to medium, axile, closed or open; core lines clasping. Carpels roundish, sometimes unsymmetrical, emarginate. Seeds small to medium, plump, obtuse to acute, dark.
Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, moderately coarse, crisp, rather tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic, sprightly, very good.
Season November to March.

REFERENCES. 1. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assn., 1881:92. 2. Ib., 1882:83. 3. Bridge, Can. Hort., 1884:59. 4. Woolverton, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1889:155. 5. Nicol, Ont. Fr. Gr. Assn., 1891:89. 6. Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:287. 1901.
SYNONYMS. BAXTER'S RED (3). La Rue (3). Red Pound (3).

A large red apple decidedly attractive in appearance. Some see in it a resemblance to Tompkins King, but there is more evidence of a relationship with the Blue Pearmain group of apples. This is seen in the form and color of the fruit, the bloom, the areolar dots and the character of the flesh.  It does not rank high in quality.  In the St. Lawrence valley it is said to be a strong grower, hardy, productive and not subject to the scab. It is there regarded as a desirable apple to grow for commercial purposes. At Geneva it has proved vigorous and productive, but because it is inferior in quality to other varieties of its season, such as Tompkins King, McIntosh and Hubbardston, it is doubtful whether Baxter is worthy of a place in the commercial orchards of Western and Southern New York.
  Origin.  It was known near Brockville, Canada, one hundred years or more ago. It gradually found its way into nurseries and within the last twenty-five years has been quite extensively propagated (3).

TREE.
Tree productive, very vigorous; branches long, medium stout. Form upright spreading, open. Twigs medium to long, straight, rather stout, thick at the tips; internodes medium to long. Bark clear brownish-red streaked with olive-green; pubescent. Lenticels rather numerous, conspicuous, small, sometimes large, round, raised. Buds moderately prominent, imbedded in the bark, acute, appressed. Leaves large, broad.

FRUIT.
Fruit large to very large. Form roundish to conic flattened at the base or varying to somewhat oblong, often faintly ribbed, somewhat irregular, sides often unequal and also often compressed; axis sometimes oblique. Stem usually short. Cavity large, deep, acute, broad, usually partly russeted, often somewhat furrowed. Calyx small to above medium, sometimes closed or partly open. Basin often oblique, moderately shallow to rather deep, rather narrow to wide, obtuse to moderately abrupt, slightly furrowed, corrugated, sometimes compressed.
   Skin thick, tough, slightly roughened by russet dots; pale yellow or whitish largely mottled and blushed with rather bright red often deepening to purplish shades characteristic of the Blue Pearmain group, distinctly splashed and striped with purplish-red. Dots numerous, conspicuous, areolar, whitish or with russet point. A bluish bloom gives the skin a rather dull appearance but when polished it is bright and glossy. Highly colored specimens show but little of the yellow ground color.  Prevailing effect attractive red or striped red.
   Calyx tube large, elongated, cone-shape or funnel-form. Stamens medium to marginal.
   Core medium, usually abaxile, open; core lines meeting or slightly clasping.  Carpels roundish varying to elongated ovate, slightly emarginate, tufted.  Seeds numerous, below medium, rather wide, plump, obtuse, tufted, dark brown.
   Flesh yellowish, sometimes stained with red, firm, breaking, rather coarse, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic, fair to good.
Season November to January.

Baxter's Pearmain of Downing, p. 89 and of Hogg, p. 16 is distinct from Baxter above described.

REFERENCES. 1. Stinson, Ark. Sta. Bul., 49:9. 1808. fig. 2. Ib., 60:126. 1899. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1899:15. 4. N. C. State Bd. Agr. Bul., 1900:9.  5. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:287. 1901. 6. Budd-Hansen, 1903:44. 7. Powell and Fulton, U.S.B.P.I. Bul., 48:37. 1903.
SYNONYMS.  Apple of Commerce (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Lady Pippin (1).  Richardson's Red (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7).

A red Arkansas apple, which as yet has been but little tested either in New York or adjacent states. In New York ordinarily the season is not long enough for the proper development of apples of the group to which the Beach belongs. For this reason that variety can hardly be expected to prove valuable here. Waugh reports that, as grown in Vermont, it appears to be superior in all respects to Ben Davis, and is really good in quality (5). It is a very late keeper.
Historical. Stinson reports that this variety has been grown to a considerable extent in Benton and Washington counties, Arkansas, under the names Lady Pippin and Richardson's Red. It has also been introduced under the name Apple of Commerce (1). He has found the variety productive and a good keeper, but because it is only fair in quality he advises against the planting of it in Arkansas (2).

TREE.
Tree rather large, vigorous, productive, comes into bearing rather young, and has a tendency to produce moderate crops annually; branches somewhat stocky. Form round, dense. Twigs moderately stout, with long internodes, somewhat crooked. Bark nearly smooth, clear, bright light reddish-brown, becoming dull dark brown approaching black, thinly mottled with scarf-skin, somewhat pubescent. Lenticels rather numerous, conspicuous, usually round- ish, above medium to very large, raised slightly or not at all. Buds small to medium, deep set, obtuse, pubescent. Leaves large, long, often broad; petioles red at base; foliage rather dense.

FRUIT.
Fruit as grown in this region appears not to ripen properly. It is about medium in size and pretty uniform in size and shape. Form usually roundish, slightly obovate, or sometimes somewhat oblate, regular, symmetrical. Stem medium, rather slender. Cavity acute to acuminate, deep to medium depth, moderately wide, green or with outspreading russet, symmetrical. Calyx medium, closed. Basin rather shallow to moderately deep, obtuse to rather abrupt, moderately wide, furrowed, corrugated, often with some mammiform protuberances.
Skin rather thick, tough, smooth, bright yellow, shaded and mottled with red and striped with dark carmine. Dots inconspicuous, small, gray or whitish.
Prevailing effect red or red striped, decidedly attractive.
Calyx tube rather narrow, deep, conical or funnel-form, with fleshy projection of pistil point into its base. Stamens median to marginal.
Core axile, medium to rather large, closed; core lines clasping. Carpels broadly ovate, emarginate. Seeds large, rather narrow, long, acute.
Flesh somewhat tinged with yellow, very firm, moderately coarse, not very juicy, subacid, fair to nearly good in quality.
Season very late; it is one of the latest keeping varieties.

REFERENCES.  1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 9:104. 1883. 2. Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1883:443. 3. Ia. Agr. Coll. Bul., 1885:17. 4. Gibb, Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1886-87:15. 5. Ib., Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1887:48. 6. Budd, Rural N. Y., 47:602. 1888. 7. Taylor, Me. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1892:57. 8. Harris, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1392:274. 9. Thomas, 1897:248. fig. 10. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:28. 1902. 11. Budd-Hansen, 1903:44. 12. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 56:29, 39, 353. 1905.
   SYNONYMS.  Arcad Krasivui (3). Arkad Krasivui (5,12). Arkad Krasivui (5,12). Arkad Krasiwui (1,2,5,12). Beautiful Arcade (1,5,10, 11, 12). No. 453 (5, 6, 10-12).
This is a Russian apple of good medium size, yellow, partly shaded and splashed with red, sweet, in season in August and September. It is considered a desirable variety in portions of the Upper Mississippi valley and in other districts where superior hardiness is a prime requisite.

FRUIT
Fruit good medium size
Skin yellow, partly shaded and splashed with red
Flesh sweet
Season August and September

REFERENCES.  1. Forsyth, 1803:55. 2. Ib, 1824:93. 3. London Hort. Soc. Cat., 1831:No. 59. 4. Kenrick, 1832:92. 3. Floy-Lindley, 1833:20. 6. Downing, 1845:81. 7. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 14:250. 1843. fig. 8. Kirtland, Horticulturist, 2:544. 1848. 9. Thomas, 1849:146. 10. Cole, 1849:114.  11. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:34. 1851. 12. Barry, 1851:283. 13. Elliott, 1854:167. 14. Hooper, 1857:15. 15. Gregg, 1857:41. 16. Downing, Horticulturist, 19:364. 1864. figs. 17. Warder, 1867:384. 18. Fitz, 1872:152.  19. Leroy, 1873:97. fig. 20. Hogg, 1884:17. 21. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288. 22. Wickson, 1889:245. 23. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234.  24. Bunyard, Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc., 1898:334. 25. Budd-Hansen, 1903:100.  26. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul., 48:46. 1903. 27. Garden, 64:230. 1903. fig. bearing nursery trees.  [28. Bultitude, John. 1983. Apples A Guide to the Identification of International Varieties. ISBN 0-295-96041-8.  p. 91.]
   SYNONYMS.  Beaute de Kent (19). Kent Beauty (25,26). Kentish Pippin (19, of some 3). Pepin de Kent (19). Pippin Kent (19).
Fruit large, beautiful, showy, suitable for culinary use, in season from late September to November. The tree is large, vigorous, upright, comes into bearing rather young, is a reliable cropper and moderately productive. In England where it originated it is said to do best under garden culture in warm soil and on Paradise stock; grown in clay and other uncongenial soils it loses quality (27). It is but little known in New York.
[Bultitude (28) states:
Introduced (to the English public) about 1820 where it received the Award of Merit from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1901.  "Too ugly for present-day commercial use..."
Tree is moderately vigorous, upright-spreading and fairly spurry.
Flowers with Alexander and two days before 'Bramley's Seedling'.
Harvest season (in England) is late September and it can be used from December to March.
Fruit color:  Pale greenish-yellow ground color becomes rich yellow upon full ripeness.  Blushed and speckled with red.  Broad, broken red stripes.  Lenticels conspicuous as white or russet dots.  A little scarf-skin at base.  Skin becomes slightly greasy in storage.
Fruit shape:  Round-conical to conical, sometimes flat-sided, often log-sided; distinctly ribbed.
Fruit size:  Very large, 9.0 cm in diameter x 8.3 cm tall.
Flesh color:  Creamy white.
Fruit quality:  "Coarse-textured, juicy and subacid, with faint pleasant flavour."
Uses:  Cooking.]

REFERENCES.  1. Gibb, Am. Pom Soc. Rpt., 1887:55. No. 37. 2. NY Sta. An. Rpt, 8:349. 1889. 3. Beach, Ib., 12:509. 1893. 4. Thomas, 1897:265, fig. 5. Hansen, SD Sta. Bul., 76:29. 1902.
   SYNONYMS.  Bellerdovskoe (4,5). Bielborodovskæ (1). White Borodovka (1).
A Russian apple, medium to large, pale greenish-yellow, sometimes blushed, coarse, rather juicy, mild subacid to nearly sweet, good; season August. It it does not appear to be worthy the attention of New York fruit growers.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1857:118. 2. Downing, 1872:91. 3. Hogg, (?) 1884:18. 4. Thomas, 1885:242. 5. Mich. Hort. Soc. Rept., 1890:288. 6. Ill. Sta. Bul., 45:314. 1896. 7. Thomas, 1903:337.
Synonyms. Bellyband (?) (3). Rolland (?) (3). Tenon Hills (1, 2). Winter Belle Bonne (?) (3).
This old Connecticut variety (1, 2) is found occasionally in Southeastern New York. The fruit is large, handsome, smooth, uniform in size and of about the same season as Hubbardston. It is rather too mild in flavor to be desirable for general purposes, Although an old variety it has never become a standard kind in the markets of this state. In hardiness, health and longevity it ranks about with Baldwin. The trees are moderately productive, usually bearing biennially. They are a little slow about coming into bearing. It is not recommended for planting in New York.
Downing regards it as probably identical with the Belle Bonne of Hogg (1, 2, 3) which was first described by Parkinson in 1629. It is quite distinct from Billy Bond.

REFERENCES.  1.  Downing, 1857:119. fig. 2. Elliott, 1859:124. 3. Adair, Horticulturist, 15:226. 1860. 2 figs. 4. Downing, Horticulturist, 16:40. 1861.  5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 6. Warder, 1867:585. fig. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1869:40. 8. Downing, 1872:93. fig. 9. Leroy, 1873:126. fig. 10. Barry, 1883:343. 11. Thomas, 1885:230. 12. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288. 13. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 14. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Gr. Assn., 26:170. 1894. 15. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 3:4. 1896. fig. 16. Watts, Tenn. Sta. Bul., 1896:7. 17. Amer. Gard., 18:746. 1897. 18. Waugh, Vt. Sta. Bul., 61:30. 1897. 19. Taylor, U. S. Div. Pom. Bul., 7:351. 1898. 20. Woolverton, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 6:36. 1899. 21. Waugh, Gardening, 7:278. 1899. 22. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul.., 130:130. 1901. fig. of tree. 23. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt. 14:288. 1901. 24. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:29. 1902. fig. 25. Stinson, Mo. State Fruit Sta. Bul., 3:24. 1902. 26. Ont. Fr. Gr. Assn. An. Rpt., 34:108. 1902. 27. Powell and Fulton, U.S.B.P.I. Bul., 48:38. 1903. 28. Budd-Hansen, 1903:45. fig. 29. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:112. 1904.  [30.  Burford, Tom. 2013. Apples of North America. ISBN 978-1-60469-249-5.]
      SYNONYMS.  Baltimore Pippin (8, 9). Baltimore Red (8, 9). Baltimore Red Streak (8,9). Carolina Red Streak (8,9, 11). Funkhouser (8). Kentucky Pippin (8). Kentucky Streak (11). New York Pippin (3, 4, 5). New York Pippin (6, 8, 8, 9, 10, 11). Pepin de New-York (9). Red Pippin (8). Victoria Pippin (8, 9). Victoria Red (8, 11).

   The Ben Davis reigns over a much greater extent of country than does the Baldwin. It is unquestionably the leading commercial sort and the most popular apple grown south of the Baldwin region. Generally speaking, it is the most important variety known in the apple districts of the vast territory which stretches from the Atlantic to the Pacific between parallels 32 and 42. It is preeminently successful in the Virginias, Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas and portions of adjoining states.
   In the more elevated and more northern portions of New York it is not usually regarded with favor, but in Southeastern New York the planting of it for commercial purposes has extended until, in many sections, it now ranks in importance next to Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening. It is grown to a considerable extent in various other parts of the state, but in many cases less successfully because too often the seasons are less favorable to the best development of the fruit. Some find it acceptable for home use after the Baldwin season has closed, but here it is generally regarded as not good enough in quality for home use. It is often criticised disparagingly on the point of quality. When grown in the South or Southwest, at its best it is but of second rate quality, and unquestionably in most portions of New York state the seasons are usually too short to mature the variety properly. When grown in the South, the period when it is at its best is comparatively short. As fruited in New York, it ripens later and keeps later than when grown farther south. It often keeps here in ordinary storage till May, and in cold storage till June, or often till July. In the Ben Davis belt the fruit becomes large and handsomely colored, but in many portions of New York state it does not range much above medium in size and color. The fruit is thick-skinned, does not show bruises easily, and presents a good appearance in the package after being handled and shipped in the ordinary way.
   Nurserymen like it because of its free-growing habit and the ease and rapidity with which trees of marketable size can be grown. In the orchard the tree is very hardy, healthy and vigorous. Although it does not appear to be as long-lived as Baldwin, it comes into bearing at an early age, and usually bears annually and abundantly. Often it makes a good growth, even while bearing good crops. The top is rather dense, and in pruning, particularly in the case of young trees, especial care should be taken to keep it open and spreading so as to give the best possible opportunity for the fruit to color well. Its habit of blossoming late in the spring is an advantage in some regions because the weather is then more apt to be favorable during the pollinating period, and the result is that Ben Davis in such cases often bears good crops, when with other varieties there is more or less of a crop failure.

   Historical.  The origin of this apple will probably never be definitely known. It has been variously credited to Tennessee (16,19) Kentucky (1), and Virginia (7,16,19). It is supposed to have originated about the beginning of the last century. This view is supported by the fact that before the Civil War it had spread throughout the states just mentioned, and following the routes of migration had been carried into Southern Indiana, Illinois and pretty generally disseminated throughout Missouri and Arkansas. Downing does not mention it in his first edition, but it is described in the first revision (1) of his book on the The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. Warder (6) refers to it as a comparatively new sort in Ohio and the Northwest but common in the South and Southwest. During the last quarter century it has been disseminated extensively through all the apple-growing portions of the United States.

   Some assert that it is possible to recognize as many as four distinct types or strains of Ben Davis. So far as we know none of these types, if such exist, is being kept separate under propagation. It is certain that Ben Davis shows great variations in fruit in different parts of the country, in some cases so much so that those unfamiliar with it would not recognize fruit of it from different regions as being of the same variety.
   Various seedlings of Ben Davis which have been introduced into cultivation show more or less resemblance to the parent and to each other. In the case of Gano and Black Ben Davis a notable controversy has arisen among nurserymen and fruit growers as to whether these are distinct varieties or identical. The Gano is known to some extent in New York. It resembles its parent Ben Davis very closely in the nursery, but it is unmistakably distinct from it in fruit. So far as we have tested it, it seems to be better adapted to New York conditions than is the Ben Davis.

   [corrected as per Errata -ASC]  Arkansas Belle, Etris and Eicke also belong in the Ben Davis group.

TREE
   Tree medium in size, rather rank-growing, especially when young, forming coarse strong wood which seldom breaks under heavy crops; branches strong, with numerous rather short laterals and spurs, often inclined to bend or droop.
Form upright becoming roundish, and in old trees rather spreading. Twigs long or very long, straight or slightly curved, moderately stout; internodes long. Bark bright, rather dark brownish-red, continuously mottled with fine, thin scarf-skin, pubescent. Lenticels scattering, round, sometimes oblong, raised, of a clear straw color, moderately conspicuous. Buds medium to large or broad, obtuse, appressed, sunken in the bark, very sparingly pubescent.
Leaves large, long, rather broad.

FRUIT.
Fruit usually above medium to large. Form roundish, varying from somewhat conic to somewhat oblong, broad, rounded at the base, often somewhat elliptical or slightly irregular, sides sometimes unequal; pretty uniform in shape and in size. Stem medium to long, rather slender. Cavity acute, moderately deep to deep, of medium width, nearly symmetrical, often partly russeted or with outspreading rays of thin greenish russet. Calyx medium, closed or sometimes partly open; lobes rather short, of medium width, acute.
Basin abrupt, medium in width and depth, varying to shallow and narrow and rather obtuse, sometimes furrowed, usually oblique.
Skin tough, waxy, bright, smooth, usually glossy, clear yellow or greenish, mottled and washed with bright red, striped and splashed with bright dark carmine. Dots inconspicuous, small, scattering, light, whitish or brown. Prevailing effect bright deep red or red striped.
Calyx tube varies from short and cone-shaped to rather wide and funnel-form with rather long cylinder and frequently with fleshy projection of pistil point into its base. Stamens median to marginal.
Core medium, axile, closed or partly open; core lines clasping when the tube is funnel-form, meeting or slightly clasping when it is cone-shaped. Carpels rather flat, roundish or inclined to obovate, very emarginate, mucronate. Seeds large, long, irregular, rather wide, plump, acute, dark brown.
Flesh whitish, slightly tinged with yellow, firm, moderately coarse, not very crisp, somewhat aromatic, juicy, mildly subacid, good.
Season January to June.
Stem medium to long, rather slender.
Calyx medium, closed or sometimes partly open.
Skin tough, waxy, bright, smooth, usually glossy, clear yellow or greenish, mottled and washed with bright red, striped and splashed with bright dark carmine.
Dots inconspicuous, small, scattering, light, whitish or brown. Prevailing effect bright deep red or red striped.
Flesh whitish, slightly tinged with yellow, firm, moderately coarse, not very crisp, somewhat aromatic, juicy, mildly subacid, good.
Season January to June.
[Information from the Southeastern U.S. here.]

REFERENCES.  1. Churchill, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 8:355. 1880. 2. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 3. Heiges, U. S. Pom. Rpt., 1894:17. 4. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 15:270. 1896. 5. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1897:36.
   SYNONYMS.  Benniger (2).
A pleasant-flavored dessert apple of good medium size and attractive appearance; in season during late August and September. It is too mild in flavor to be very desirable for culinary purposes. The tree is a pretty good grower, comes into bearing young and is productive.
Historical.  Originated about 1830 on the farm of Uhlie Benninger near Slatington, Lehigh county, PA. In that region it is said to be a good grower and reliable and abundant cropper (4).

TREE.
Tree moderately vigorous with short stout branches.
Form spreading, open.
Twigs short, carved, stout with large terminal buds; internodes medium.
Bark clear brownish tinged with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin, pubescent.
Lenticels conspicuous, quite numerous, medium in size, oblong, not raised.
Buds deeply set in bark, medium in size, broad, obtuse, appressed, pubescent.

FRUIT
Fruit medium or above.
Form roundish oblate to roundish ovate, somewhat irregular; sides unequal.
Stem (Pedicel) short to medium, rather slender.
Cavity acute or approaching acuminate, medium in width, moderately deep to deep, often somewhat russeted.
Calyx medium in size, usually closed; lobes narrow, acuminate.
Basin wide, moderately deep to shallow, smooth or slightly furrowed.
Skin rather thin, nearly smooth, yellow, blushed and streaked with red.
Dots rather small, greenish.
Calyx tube usually short, wide, conical.
Stamens marginal.
Core medium, abaxile; cells open; core lines slightly clasping or sometimes meeting.
Flesh whitish tinged with yellow, firm, moderately fine, crisp, rather juicy, mild subacid, good.
Season late August and September.

TREE.
Tree rather large, vigorous.
Form erect to somewhat roundish, dense.
Twigs moderately long, straight, slender; internodes medium.
Bark olive-green, shaded with light reddish-brown, lightly coated with scarf-skin, pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, medium, oblong, slightly raised.
Buds deeply set in bark, medium size, plump, obtuse, appressed, slightly pubescent.
[Diseases:  "Susceptible to cedar apple rust; moderately resistant to the other major diseases." (Burford)
Flowering time:  Two days before 'Cox Orange' (30).]

FRUIT.
Fruit medium to rather small.  [5.7 cm in diameter x 5.4 cm high (30).]
Form roundish inclined to conic, faintly ribbed toward the apex; sides unequal.
Stem (Pedicel) short to very short, slender.
Cavity acute, rather narrow, moderately deep, wavy, greenish-russet.
Calyx in width and depth, abrupt, somewhat wrinkled.
Basin medium in width and depth, abrupt, somewhat wrinkled.
Skin smooth, orange-yellow partly covered with lively red striped with deep carmine.
Dots scattering, minute, whitish.
Calyx tube
Stamens basal.
Core small to medium, axile; cells closed; core lines meeting.
Carpels roundish, slightly elongated, emarginate.
Seeds few, dark brown, medium in size, plump, obtuse.
Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, fine-grained, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, good to very good.
Season August and early September.
[Uses: Dessert (Burford)
Keeping ability: Poor (Burford).  2 weeks according to Bultitude (30).
Description in Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1862.]

REFERENCES. 1. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N.Y., 3:100. 1851. fig. 2. Downing, 1857:121. 3. Elliott, 1858:122. 4. Warder, 1867:558. 5. Thomas, 1885:227.  6. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288. 7. Budd-Hansen, 1903:47.  [8.  Burford, Tom. 2013. Apples of North America. ISBN 978-1-60469-249-5.]
Synonyms. Bentley Sweet (4). BENTLEY'S SWEET (1,2,3,5).
Tree hardy, varies from moderately productive to very productive and comes into bearing rather young. The fruit is very sweet and keeps very late but is not attractive in color and ranks second rate in size and quality. It is not recommended for planting.
Historical.  It is supposed to have originated in Virginia. It is but little known in New York.

REFERENCES.  1. Hoskins, U. S. Agr. Rpt., 1886:274. 2. Hoskins, Rural N. Y., 47:249. 1888. figs. 3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 4. An. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1899:15. 5. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rept. 14:288. 1901. 6. Munson, Me. Sta. Bul., 82:83. 1902. 7. Budd-Hansen, 1903:48.  [8.  Burford, Tom. 2013. Apples of North America. ISBN 978-1-60469-249-5.]
This shows its kinship to the Blue Pearmain in the quality, texture, form, conspicuous dots and color of its fruit. Sometimes it has a rather dull appearance, but it may attain a bright and attractive, though dark red, color. The quality is fairly good. It will not bear rough handling, and is suitable rather for local markets than for shipping long distances. The tree shows a rather weak development of roots in the nursery, but in the orchard becomes moderately vigorous and generally quite productive. It has proved very hardy in Northern New York, and is recommended for planting for home use and local markets in that section and in the more elevated regions of the state, where varieties of the grade of hardiness of Baldwin are apt to show winter injury. In such localities some prefer to grow it on warm soil or sod, to favor the development of better color. It is locally profitable. It is healthy, long-lived and a reliable cropper, usually comes into bearing rather young and bears annually. There is apt to be considerable loss from dropping of the fruit.
Some have thought that it is identical with an apple grown in Northern New York under the name Stone. The two varieties, as we have received them, are certainly distinct, but both belong to the Blue Pearmain group.
Historical.  It originated in Bethel, Vermont (1). During the last twenty-five years it has become scattered throughout Northern New York, Northern New England and portions of Canada.
TREE.
Tree medium to rather large, moderately vigorous or vigorous. Form round, spreading. Twigs spreading, below medium in length, usually curved, somewhat slender; internodes medium. Bark brownish-red, exceptionally mingled with olive-green, blotched with gray; sparingly pubescent. Lenticels not very conspicuous, moderately abundant, rather small, roundish. Buds rather small, obtuse, appressed, pubescent.
[Diseases:  Moderately susceptible to the major diseases. (8).]
FRUIT.
Fruit large. Form roundish, slightly conic, somewhat angular or irregularly elliptical. Stem short, rather slender. Cavity acute to acuminate, deep, rather broad, rather symmetrical, with red russet often outspreading. Calyx pubescent, medium to rather large, partly open or closed; lobes rather narrow, acute. Basin rather shallow to moderately deep, moderately wide, slightly furrowed and wrinkled.
Skin thick, tough, smooth; good deep yellow, washed and mottled with red and striped with purplish carmine, becoming very dark red in highly colored specimens. Dots numerous, conspicuous, russet or light, many small, many large and areolar. Prevailing effect somewhat striped.
Calyx tube very large, wide, somewhat funnel-shaped with a short cylinder.
Stamens median to basal.
Core large, somewhat abaxile, open or sometimes closed; core lines somewhat clasping. Carpels broad, roundish ovate, emarginate, tufted. Seeds large, rather wide, long, acute to acuminate, tufted, medium brown.
Flesh yellowish, firm, coarse, crisp, moderately tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, fair to good.
Season November to midwinter or possibly March.  [Excellent keeper. (8)]
Uses. Baking, dessert and local market.

REFERENCES.  1.Downing, 1881:101 app. 2. Thomas, 1885:521. 3. Hoskins, Rural N. Y., 47:646. 1888. 4. Wickson, 1889:243. 5. Can. Hort., 13:239, 301. 1890. fig. 6. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234. 7. Can. Hort., 16:14. 1803. 8. Ib., 17:413. 1804. col, pl. 9. Gard. and For., 8:390, 428. 1895. 10. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1897:12. 11. Dickens and Greene, Kan. Sta. Bul., 106:54. 1902. 12. Budd-Hansen, 1903:48. fig. 13. Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:43. 1903.
   SYNONYMS.  Beitigheimer (6). Red Beitigheimer (6,9). Red Bietigheimer (1-5, 8, 11).
Fruit remarkable only for its great size and beauty. It is a good cooking apple but coarse, subacid and not desirable for dessert use. The fruit being extremely large, drops badly before the crop is ready to pick. In the nursery it is a rough grower forming many badly shaped trees and for this reason it is best to topwork it on some good straight stock. The tree comes into bearing rather early and under favorable conditions is an annual cropper but only moderately productive. It is a fine fruit for exhibition but is not worthy of cultivation for either home use of market.
Historical.  Origin, Germany.

TREE.
Tree large, moderately vigorous to vigorous.
Form upright spreading or roundish, dense, with laterals inclined to droop.
Twigs short, curved, stout, with large terminal buds; internodes long.
Bark dull brown tinged with green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin; pubescent.
Lenticels quite numerous, conspicuous, medium in size, oval, raised.
Buds prominent, large, broad, plump, obtuse, free, pubescent.

FRUIT
Fruit very large, pretty uniform in size and shape.
Form roundish oblate or inclined to conic, with broad flat base, somewhat irregular.
Stem (Pedicel) medium to short, thick.
Cavity large, acute or approaching acuminate, wide, moderately shallow to rather deep, sometimes furrowed, occasionally lipped, often much russeted and with outspreading russet rays.
Calyx medium to small, closed; lobes rather narrow, acute.
Basin varies from shallow and obtuse to deep and abrupt, medium in width, somewhat wrinkled, often marked with mammiform protuberances.
Skin thick, tough, smooth, bright pale yellow to greenish or whitish washed with pinkish-red and sparingly and obscurely splashed with deeper red.
Dots numerous,small inconspicuous, yellowish or russet.
Calyx tube broadly conical.
Stamens usually basal or nearly so.
Core medium to large, axile to somewhat abaxile; cells partly open; core lines clasping.
Carpels cordate or broadly roundish, a little tufted.
Seeds numerous, large to medium, rather wide, broadly acute, rather light brown.
Flesh almost white, firm, very coarse, crisp, somewhat tough, juicy, subacid, fair to nearly good.
Season September and October.

REFERENCES.  1. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 8:42, 73. 1881-82.  2. Budd, Ia. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1882:79.  3. Ib., 1883:444. 685. fig.  4. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1883:107. fig.  5. N.Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 2:35. 1883.  6. Ia. Agr. Coll. Bul., 1885:18.  7. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1886-87:80.  8. N.Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 11:588. 1892.  9. Ia. Sta. Bul., 41:70. 1899.
   SYNONYMS.  Christ Birth (6). Christ Birth Apple (2,3,4). Christmas (7). No. 161 (7). No. 477 (2,6,9), 161 M (2). Reschestwenskoe (5).  Roschdestvenskoe (6).  Roschdestwenskoe (3,4). Roshdestrenskoe (1).
A Russian apple received in 1888 from Dr. T.H. Hoskins, Newport, VT., for testing at this Station. Fruit above medium, roundish conic, slightly ribbed; skin greenish-yellow with a shade of brownish-red; flesh mild subacid, fair quality; ripens here in September. Not valuable.

REFERENCES.  1. Hogg, 1884:181. 2. Rural N. Y., 55:275, 288, 321, 690, 1806. 3. Van Deman, Ib., 56:241, 503, 534, 508, 662. 1897. figs. 4. Green, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1897:32. 5. Rural N. Y., 57:786. 1898. 6. Bunyard, Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc., 1898:356. 7. Can. Hort., 22:240. 1899. 8. Amer. Gard., 20:124, 782. 1809. figs. 9. Van Deman, Rural N. Y., 58:688. 1899.  10. Beach, W. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1900:35. 11. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:288. 1901. 12. Can. Hort., 25:47. 1902. 13. Rural N. Y., 61:626. 1902.  14. Budd-Hansen, 1903:49. 15. Rural N. Y., 62:809. 1903.  [16. Bultitude, John. 1983. Apples A Guide to the Identification of International Varieties. ISBN 0-295-96041-8.  p. 99.]
   SYNONYMS.  Bismark (10). Prince Bismark (1, 10).
Bismarck is evidently related to the Aport group of apples. In size and general appearance it somewhat resembles Alexander. Fruit large, attractive in color, suitable for kitchen and market purposes but inferior in dessert qualities.  It ranks about with Alexander and Wolf River in quality. It begins to ripen in October and its season extends from October to early winter.  It has not been tested enough in this country to demonstrate its market value. The tree is dwarfish, healthy, hardy, comes into bearing very young, is a reliable cropper and very productive.  Even when grown as standards the trees may be planted much more closely together than ordinary commercial varieties.
Historical.  Originated in the Province of Canterbury, New Zealand [or possibly Bismarck, Tasmania or Carisbrooke, Victoria, Australia (16)]. Introduced into this country from England about ten years ago [so that would be about 1895 -ASC.  Named after the German Chancellor, Prince Bismarck.  Received First Class Certificate from Royal Horticultural Society in 1887 (16).]

TREE.
   Tree dwarfish with very short, stout, drooping branches.
Form spreading, open.
Twigs short, curved, moderately stout; internodes medium.
Bark dull brownish, tinged with green, lightly coated with scarf-skin, pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, medium to large, oval, slightly raised.
Buds medium in size, plump, obtuse, free, pubescent.
[Flowering time:  Four days before 'Bramley's Seedling' (16).]

FRUIT

REFERENCES.  1. Elliot, 1854:167. 2. ? Warder, 1867:713. 3. Downing, 1869:99.
   SYNONYMS.  None.
A rather small dark red apple formerly grown to a limited extent in some sections of New York and other Eastern states. Season November and December. It is now practically obsolete here. The Black Annette mentioned by Hansen when grown in Central Iowa keeps through the winter which indicates that it is distinct from the variety here described. See Vol. I.

REFERENCES. 1. Amer. Gard., 23:403. 1902. 2. Van Deman, Rural N. Y., 61:717. 1902. 3. Van Deman, Rural N. Y., 62:500. 1903. 4. Budd-Hansen, 1903:50. 5. Ark. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1904. 6. Nat. Nurseryman, 12:18, 19. 1904. 7. Wickson, Western Fruit Grower, 1904:124.
This is a variety of the Ben Davis type, very brilliant in color and decidedly attractive in appearance. In size and color it is intermediate between Jonathan and Ben Davis. It is sometimes obscurely striped, but more often it shows a solid, deep red color somewhat like that of the Jonathan. As grown in this state it is but little better than Ben Davis in quality. It appears to be as good a keeper as Ben Davis. It has not yet been sufficiently tested in New York state to demonstrate whether or not it will be valuable in this region, but it appears sufficiently promising for commercial purposes to merit attention in those parts of the state where Ben Davis succeeds best.
Historical.  It is said to have originated about 1880 on the farm of M. Black in Washington county, Arkansas (5, 7). It has been claimed by some that it is identical with Gano. It certainly resembles Gano very closely, but the preponderance of evidence seems to favor the opinion that these two varieties are of distinct origin (7).
TREE.
Young trees are upright and vigorous, becoming somewhat spreading, rather dense; branches moderately stout, curved. Does not resemble Ben Davis so closely in tree as Gano does, being more upright and having less willow-like lateral twigs. Twigs medium in length, straight, stout; internodes medium. Bark dark brown, tinged with olive-green, mottled with scarf-skin; pubescent. As grown here is darker than Gano. Lenticels scattering, large, round, raised, conspicuous. Buds large, broad, obtuse, appressed, set deep in bark, pubescent. Leaves medium, broad.
FRUIT.
Fruit medium to above, sometimes large, averaging marketable size. Form roundish ovate to roundish conic, pretty regular. Stem medium to rather long and slender. Cavity acute, moderately deep to deep, of medium width, nearly symmetrical, usually with some greenish or orange-red russet which often spreads beyond the cavity in broken rays. Calyx rather large, usually open or partly so; lobes rather broad, obtuse. Basin often somewhat oblique, rather shallow and obtuse to moderately deep and abrupt, often slightly furrowed and somewhat wrinkled.
Skin thin, tough, smooth, somewhat glossy, brilliant red almost completely overspreading a clear pale yellow ground color, becoming dark purplish-red on the exposed cheek. Dots numerous, very small, red or gray, sometimes with russet point. Prevailing effect brilliant red, often with some contrasting clear pale yellow.
Calyx tube varies from short cone-shape to somewhat funnel-form, with fleshy pistil point projecting into the base. Stamens median to marginal.
Core medium to rather small, axile or nearly so, closed; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder, or when the calyx tube is cone-shaped, nearly meeting. Carpels roundish, elongated, emarginate. Seeds rather long, obtuse to acute, dark brown.
Flesh whitish, firm, somewhat coarse, moderately crisp, not tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, a little aromatic, good in quality.
Season January to April or May.

REFERENCES. 1. Manning, Mag. Hort., 7:49. 1841. 2. Mag. Hort., 13:106. 1847. 3. Thomas, 1849:164. 4. Cole, 1849:126. 5. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 16:64, 198. 1850. fig. 6. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N.Y., 3:61. 1851. col. pl. & fig. 7. Downing, 1857:208. 8. Hooper, 1857:18, 76. 9. Elliott, 1858:167. 10. Warder, 1867:662. fig. 11. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288. 12. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 13. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:289. 1901. 14. Powell and Fulton, U.S.B.P.I. Bul., 48:38. 1903. 15. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:113. 1904.  [16.  Burford, Tom. 2013. Apples of North America. ISBN 978-1-60469-249-5.  17. Big Horse Creek Farm.]
   Synonyms. Black Gilliflower (5). Black Spitz (13). Gilliflower (14, 15).  Red GILLIFLOWER (1, 5).  [Crow's Egg (17).  Sheepnose (17).]
   A dessert apple which is very distinct in color, form and flavor.  The color is yellowish or greenish, sometimes almost completely covered with red, which in highly colored specimens becomes dull purplish and very dark, as recognized in the name "Black" Gilliflower. The color of the fruit is often much darker than it appears in the accompanying plate. The flesh at its best is but moderately juicy and soon becomes dry, but it has a peculiar aroma which is pleasing to many. It is not sour enough to be very valuable for cooking, but it is sometimes used for baking. It is fast becoming obsolete in most parts of the state, but in some sections the planting of it in commercial orchards is being extended because it is found profitable to grow it in limited quantities for southern markets. On good soil the tree is a good, vigorous grower and a reliable cropper.  The apples grow fair and smooth and there is little loss from unmarketable fruit.
   Historical.  Black Gilliflower is supposed to be an American variety. It was brought into the central and western portions of the state more than a hundred years ago by the early settlers. It is evident that it was known in Connecticut as early as the latter part of the eighteenth century (2).⁶¹  Manning (1) mentions it in 1841 under the name Red Gilliflower and Hovey (5) described it in 1850 under the same name, giving Black Gilliflower as a synonym.  It has generally been known under the simple name Gilliflower, which name usually appears in the market quotations of this variety.

TREE.
Tree large, moderately vigorous. Form rather upright spreading with moderately open top. Twigs long, slender, pubescent; internodes short to medium. Bark dark olive-green and reddish-brown with thin gray scarf-skin.
Lenticels rather numerous, small to medium, roundish or elongated, raised.
Buds medium, obtuse or acute, quite pubescent, appressed. Leaves rather long, medium to above medium in size.
[Diseases:  Moderately resistant to the major diseases. (16)]

   Fruit large to very large, yellow, more or less washed and striped with red, attractive in appearance and of excellent quality. The commercial season in the southeastern portions of the State is October. In Western New York it comes into season with the Twenty Ounce and keeps into early winter (31). Often specimens of it may be kept much later. Macoun gives its season in Ontario as November and December (28). The fruit is desirable both for home and market uses but the variety is usually unsatisfactory for commercial planting because it is not a good keeper, is variable in season and commonly suffers considerable loss in drops and culls. In some locations, however, it is considered a good profitable variety.

Historical.  Origin [Discovered by Mr. Kempster at] Woodstock, [near Blenheim,] Oxfordshire, England. It found its way into the London nurseries about the year 1818 (24).  [Received Banksian medal from Royal Horticultural Society in 1822 (41).]  Although it has long been known in portions of New York and adjacent states and in Canada in no part of this region has it assumed very great commercial importance.

TREE.
Tree large, vigorous, productive, bearing its fruit singly and evenly distributed.
Form upright spreading.
Twigs very stout.
Bark clear, light reddish-brown becoming dark.
[Flowering time:  Same time as 'Cox Orange' and 'Golden Delicious' (41).]

FRUIT Fruit usually large or above medium.  [8.9 cm in diameter x 6.9 cm high (41).]
Form roundish oblate to roundish inclined to conic, usually pretty regular and symmetrical, sometimes a little furrowed at the apex.
Stem (Pedicel) short to medium.
Cavity below medium to rather large, rather narrow to wide, moderately deep to deep, acute to acuminate, usually symmetrical, sometimes compressed or lipped, covered with russet which often extends beyond the cavity.
Calyx large or very large; segments flat, separated at base plainly exposing the yellowish tube beneath; lobes obtuse.
Basin large, broad, shallow and obtuse to deep and abrupt, somewhat furrowed and slightly wrinkled.
Skin moderately thin tough, deep yellow overspread with a rather dull pinkish-red, in highly colored specimens developing a deep and rather bright red somewhat roughened in places with netted capillary russet lines.
Dots numerous, small or conspicuously large and russet.
Prevailing effect rather attractive red and yellow.
Calyx tube short, very wide, cone-shape.
Stamens median to somewhat basal.
Core medium or below, axile or somewhat abaxile; cells often unequally developed, closed or partly open; core lines meeting.
Carpels flat, tufted, emarginate.
Seeds few and frequently abortive, irregular, often not plump, long, acute to acuminate, tufted.
Flesh tinged with yellow, rather firm, moderately juicy, crisp, moderately fine grained or a little coarse, somewhat aromatic, agreeable sprightly subacid, becoming rather mild subacid, good to very good; excellent either for dessert or culinary use.
Season It is at its best from October to December but often may be kept until midwinter or later.

REFERENCES. 1. Kenrick, 1833:42. 2. Manning, 1838:55. 3. Manning, Mag. Hort., 6:172. 1840. 4. Downing, 1845:122. 5. Phoenix, Horticulturist, 1:361. 1846. 6. Cole, 1849:120. 7. Thomas, 1849:164. 8. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:69. 1851. col. pl. No. 54. 9. Hooper, 1857:19. 10. Elliott, 1858:122. 11. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862, 12. Barry, 1883:343. 13. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288. 14. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 15. Waugh, Vt., Sta. An. Rpt., 14:289. 1901. 16. Can. Hort., 25:49. 1902. 17. Budd-Hansen, 1903:52. fig. 18. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:113. 1904.  [19.  Burford, Tom. 2013. Apples of North America. ISBN 978-1-60469-249-5.  20. Bultitude, John. 1983. Apples A Guide to the Identification of International Varieties. ISBN 0-295-96041-8.  p. 101.]
Synonym. Prolific Beauty (18) incorrectly.
Occasional trees are found in the oldest home orchards of the state. It is rarely planted now. In some localities it bears well, but more often it is not a reliable cropper. It is apt to have a pretty high percentage of unmarketable fruit. The fruit is of mild flavor and does not rank high in quality. The skin is thick. When well colored it is beautiful, though not brilliant, being overcast with a dull bluish bloom. In common storage it does not keep late, and by January it often becomes shriveled (18). It is not a good market fruit and is not recommended for commercial planting.
Historical.  This is an old variety of uncertain origin but it is supposed to be an American variety (13). On account of its hardiness it has often been planted in the home orchards of the more elevated regions of New York and New England during the last 75 years. Probably it has been in cultivation for a century or more. Kenrick (1) mentions it as common in the vicinity of Boston in the early part of the 19th century.

TREE.
Tree becomes moderately large to large, moderately vigorous or on rich soil sometimes vigorous. Form spreading. In the nursery it is a slow, stiff grower (5). Twigs below medium, rather stout, nearly straight, rather blunt at tips, with large terminal buds; internodes medium to long. Bark very dark, being of a dull brownish-red; scarf-skin varies from thin to rather heavy; quite pubescent. Lenticels inconspicuous, scattering, below medium, roundish, raised. Buds above medium, moderately projecting, roundish, slightly pubescent, free. Leaves broad, coarsely serrated.
[Diseases:  Moderate resistance to the major diseases (19).
Flowering time:  Same time as 'Cox Orange' and 'Wealthy' (20).]

FRUIT.
Fruit above medium to very large [7.5 cm in diameter x 7.0 cm high (20)]; pretty uniform in size and shape. Form roundish or inclined to oblate, sometimes a little inclined to conic, irregular, often obscurely ribbed, sometimes distinctly furrowed from the cavity nearly to the basin. Stem medium length to rather short, rather thick. Cavity moderately deep, obscurely furrowed, usually covered with orange-russet or greenish-russet. Calyx partly open; lobes acute. Basin medium in depth and width, with concentric gray or russet lines, obscurely furrowed.
Skin a little rough; yellow, washed and mottled with red, often deepening on one side to nearly solid red, splashed and striped with deep purplish-carmine and overspread with an abundant blue bloom from which the variety takes its name. Dots numerous, small, pale, mingled with others which are conspicuous, very large, gray with russet center and often also mingled with irregular lines or flecks of dull green or russet. The large dots are characteristic of this variety as also of other varieties of the Blue Pearmain group.
Calyx tube elongated conical approaching funnel-form. Stamens basal to median.
Core rather large, nearly axile, closed or somewhat open; core lines clasping or, with modified calyx tube, nearly meeting. Carpels broad, elongated or roundish, slightly tufted. Seeds medium or rather long, acuminate, rather light brown.
Flesh yellowish, moderately firm, rather coarse, moderately juicy, mild sub- acid, decidedly and agreeably aromatic, good.
Season. Comes into season in October. It may keep till March but often begins to shrivel after January.
Use. Home and local market. ["Primarily dessert, but also frying & baking" (19).]

TREE.
Tree rather small, moderately vigorous with short, stout branches.
Form upright spreading open.
Twigs medium in length, curved and stout with large terminal buds; internodes long.
Bark brownish mingled with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, medium in size, round, slightly raised.
Buds prominent, large, broad, plump, acute, free, slightly pubescent.

Fruit medium to large, fairly uniform in shape and size.
Form roundish conical, ribbed; sides unequal.
Stem (Pedicel) usually long and slender.
Cavity acute to acuminate, rather narrow to moderately wide, moderately deep, sometimes russeted.
Calyx large, closed or open.
Basin medium in width and depth to wide and deep, a little abrupt, wrinkled.
Skin light green or yellowish, sometimes blushed.
Calyx tube broad, cone-shaped.
Stamens median.
Core very large, abaxile; cells wide open; core lines clasping.
Seeds medium in size, acute.
Flesh whitish, firm, rather coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, fair to good.
Season early summer

REFERENCES. 1. Oberdieck, Ill. Handb. der Obstk., 1:212. 1859. 2. Berghuis, 1868: col. pl. No. 80. 3. Leroy, 1873:144. 4. Lauche, 1: col. pl. No. 5. 1882. 5. Budd, Ia. Sta. Bul. 19:542. 1892. 6. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235.  7. Bredsted, 1893:205. 8. Bronson, IV. N. Y. Hort. Soc., 1893:113. 9. Troop, Ind. Sta. Bul., 53:124. 1894. 10. Buckman, Rural N. Y., 54:806. 1895. 11. Willard, Rural N. Y., 55:751. 1806. 12. Thomas, 1897:288. fig. 13. Rural N. Y., 57:285. 1808. 14. Ia. Sta. Bul. 41:70, 85. 1899. 15. Rural N. Y., 60:342. 1901. 16. Eneroth-Smirnoff, 1901:274. 17. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:33. 1902. 18. Munson, Me. Sta. Bul., 82:89. 1902. 19. Budd-Hansen, 1903:53. 20. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:113. 1904.
Synonyms. Boiken Apfel (2, 4). BOIKENAPPLE (16).
This is a very attractive, bright yellow apple, usually with a beautiful blush. It is justly regarded as one of the most valuable of the recent introductions for growing in commercial orchards, on account of the vigor and health of the foliage, hardiness and productiveness of the tree, and the desirable size, attractive appearance and fairly good quality of the fruit. Its flavor is a rather brisk subacid. It is hardly rich enough in quality or mild enough in flavor to excel as a dessert fruit, but it is desirable for culinary use and for market.  It appears to be better adapted than Rhode Island Greening for storage (20). It makes very light colored evaporated stock. The tree comes into bearing rather young and is a good, reliable cropper.  The foliage is remarkably healthy and the fruit is pretty resistant to the scab.
Historical.  This is a German variety which has long been known under cultivation in Prussia (1, 2). It is said to have been named after a former dike warden (4). It has been quite extensively disseminated in this country within the last decade, having been introduced some years earlier (8). In New York commercial orchards the plantings of it are now being gradually extended.
TREE.
Tree moderately vigorous; branches short, stout and crooked. Form somewhat spreading, rather dense. Twigs medium in length or rather long, curved, pretty stout, especially at the tips; internodes short to medium. Bark brownish-red, streaked and conspicuously blotched with grayish scarf-skin; pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, rather conspicuous, moderately abundant, irregular in shape and size, often large, oblong, sometimes roundish. Buds large or above medium size, broad, rather plump, obtuse to nearly acute, projecting, free, pubescent. Leaves large, broad.
FRUIT.
Fruit above medium to very large; fairly uniform in shape but rather uneven in size. Form somewhat oblate, being broad at the base, conical, often somewhat ribbed, pretty symmetrical. Stem long to medium. Cavity obtuse to acute, very broad, furrowed, sometimes compressed, partly colored with thin brownish-russet. Calyx large, closed or somewhat open; lobes acute. Basin sometimes oblique, moderately wide to rather narrow, abrupt, moderately deep, furrowed and wrinkled.
Skin tough, smooth, waxy, clear bright pale yellow, often with sharply contrasting brilliant pinkish-red blush. Dots numerous, rather small, often red areolar, with whitish or russet center, not very conspicuous, often submerged.
Prevailing effect yellow relieved more or less by pinkish-red, not striped. The fruit is decidedly attractive in appearance for a yellow apple.
Calyx tube large, funnel-form, or approaching cone-shape, often extending to the core. Stamens median.
Core rather large, open or partly so, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical; core lines clasping. Carpels decidedly concave, very broad, elliptical, slightly emarginate, tufted. Seeds medium, plump, obtuse to acute, dark.
Flesh white, firm, crisp, tender, fine-grained, very juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid, not high in quality, good.
Season November to February or March. In cold storage its season extends to May or later (20).

REFERENCES.  1. Robey, Horticulturist, 11:89. 1856. 2. Downing, 1857:122. 3. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1860:240. 4. Warder, 1867:424. fig. 5. Leroy, 1873:147. fig. 6. Thomas, 1875:190. 7. Barry, 1883:343. 8. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 9. Dempsey, Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt., 2:32. 18095. 10. Burrill and McCluer, Ill. Sta. Bul., 45:315. 1806. 11. Alwood, Va. Sta. Bul.., 130:123. 190I. 12. Powell and Fulton, U. S. B. P. I. Bul, 48:38. 1903.  13. Budd-Hansen, 1903:54. fig.  [14.  Burford, Tom. 2013. Apples of North America. ISBN 978-1-60469-249-5.  p. 110.  15. Big Horse Creek Farm.]
      SYNONYMS.   Magnum Bonum (2,4,5,7). ['Magnum Bonum' is more commonly used in the South today. I've never heard anyone call this apple just 'Bonum'. -ASC.  Maggie Bonum (15).  Maggie Bowman (15).  Red Bonum (15).  Magna Bonum (15).  Bona (15).]
   This is a southern variety of very good quality when grown under favorable conditions. It is in season during late fall and early winter.  Probably it is not well adapted to regions as far north as New York, for although it has long been cultivated it is practically unknown among New York fruit growers.
Historical.  Origin Davidson county, NC. It was entered on the catalogue of the American Pomological Society in 1860, dropped from the list in 1862 and reentered in 1869. According to Bailey's Inventory of North American Apples (8) it is now propagated but little by nurserymen.

TREE.
Tree moderately vigorous.
Form upright spreading or roundish, open.
Twigs moderately long, curved, moderately stout; internodes medium.
Bark dull brown, lightly mottled with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent.
Lenticels quite numerous, small, round, not raised.
Buds medium in size, flat, acute, free, not pubescent.
[Diseases:  Highly susceptible to cedar apple rust, but so resistant to the other major diseases that it is a good candidate for organic production (Burford).]

FRUIT
Fruit medium to large.
Form oblate, regular.
Stem (Pedicel) long, slender to moderately thick, green.
Cavity medium to large, deep, regular, often with a little green russet.
Calyx large, closed.
Basin medium in width, shallow, wrinkled.
Skin smooth, yellow, mostly covered with crimson and dark red, striped.
Dots distinct, large, light with some having a dark center.
Calyx tube funnel-form.
Stamens marginal.

TREE.
Tree below medium size but moderately vigorous.
Form upright spreading to rather flat, open.
Twigs short, curved, stout; internodes short.
Bark dark brown, lightly mottled with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, medium to large, oblong, slightly raised.
Buds prominent, medium in size, broad, plump, obtuse to acute, free, not pubescent.

FRUIT
Fruit below medium to large, averaging medium; pretty uniform in shape but not in size.
Form roundish, slightly flattened at the ends, regular or faintly ribbed.
Stem (Pedicel) medium in length, thick.
Cavity acute, rather shallow to moderately deep, moderately broad, slightly furrowed, sometimes with faint radiating rays of russet.
Calyx medium to rather large, closed; lobes broad.
Basin medium to rather deep, wide, somewhat abrupt, slightly furrowed, occasionally showing mammiform protuberances.
Skin thin, very tender, smooth, pale yellow, often entirely covered with broken stripes and irregular splashes of attractive bright red, overspread with thin bluish bloom.
Dots numerous, conspicuous, very small, light colored.
Calyx tube large, rather wide, urn-shape to funnel-form widening in the lower part of the funnel cylinder.
Stamens median to marginal.
Core small to medium, axile; cells closed or nearly so; core lines clasping.
Carpels roundish, somewhat concave, mucronate, not emarginate.
Seeds medium to rather large, moderately wide, plump, somewhat obtuse, dark brown.
Flesh tinged with yellow, medium in grain, crisp, tender, moderately juicy to juicy, agreeable subacid, slightly aromatic, good.
Season mid-August to mid-September.

REFERENCES.  1. Berghuis, 1868: col. pl. No. 43. 2. Oberdieck, Monatshefte, 1869:103. 3. Oberdieck, Deutschlands beste Obstsorten, 212. 4. Lauche, Erginzungsband zum Ill. Handb., 265. 5. Montreal Hort. Soc. Rpt., 7:56, 155. 1881. 6. Downing, 1881:77 app. fig. 7. Budd, Ia. Hort. Soc., 1882: 8. Barry, 1883:342.  9. Willard, W. N.Y. Hort. Soc., 1889:171 (reprint in Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1889:329). 10. Palandt, Gartenflora, 38:425. 1889. col. pl.  11. Brodie, Can. Hort., 12:238. 1889. 12. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:234. 13. Bailey, Amer. Gard., 14:501. 1803. 14. Craig, Can. Hort., 16:138. 1893. fig.  15. Bredsted, 1893:233. 16. Gaucher, Pomologie, 1894:No. 20. col. pl.  17. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:113. 1904.  [18. Bultitude, John. 1983. Apples A Guide to the Identification of International Varieties. ISBN 0-295-96041-8.  p. 94.]
   SYNONYMS.  Belle de Boscoop (11). Belle of Boskoop (9). Belle De Boskoop (6-8, 12-17) [this name survives to this day. -ASC]. Reinette Belle de Boskoop (16). Reinette Monstrueuse (16). Reinette von Montfort (16). Schöner von Boskoop (2,3,4,10,16). SCHOONE VON BOSKOOP (1).  Schoone van Boskoop (16).
In some locations this fruit becomes highly colored with attractive bright red predominating, but more often the color is not good, being predominantly dull green or yellow and more of less russeted. It is more suitable for general market and culinary purposes than for dessert. It is of good size but does not rank high in quality; the texture is somewhat coarse, and the flavor rather too acid for an agreeable dessert apple, but late in the season its acidity becomes modified. It appears to be pretty hardy and a good bearer. When grown on warm soils in Southern New York it may be marketed in September, but in the more northern regions of the state it keeps into the winter. It is perhaps of sufficient merit to be worthy of testing but we are not yet ready to recommend it for general planting.
Historical.  This variety is said to have originated from seed in 1856 in the nursery of the Ottolander family at Boskoop (1,4) [Bultitude suggests that it is not from seed, but was found by K.J.W. Ottolander as a bud sport of 'Reinette de Montfort'.  Received Award of Merit from Royal Horticultural Society in 1897 (18)]. Palandt finds that it is identical with the variety described by Lauche and Oberdieck as "Reinette von Montfort" (4). it was imported into this country more than twenty-five years ago (5) and has gradually been disseminated to a limited extent in various portions of New York state.

TREE.
Tree rather large, moderately vigorous; branches long, moderately stout, crooked; lateral branches numerous and small.
Form open, wide-spreading and drooping.
Twigs rather short to long, straight, rather stout; internodes below medium to very long.
Bark dark brownish-red mingled with olive-green; somewhat pubescent.
Lenticels numerous, conspicuous, small, oblong or roundish.
Buds rather large, broad, plump, acute, free, slightly pubescent.
Leaves large, broad.
[Flowering time:  Three days before 'Cox Orange' (18).]

FRUIT
Fruit large [8.3 cm in diameter x 7.3 cm high (18)].
Form usually oblate, sometimes roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, sometimes with oblique axis; pretty uniform in size and shape.
Stem (Pedicel) usually short and thick, sometimes rather long.
Cavity rather large, acute to acuminate, somewhat furrowed, often irregular, deep, russeted.
Calyx large; segments long or very long, acuminate, closed or somewhat open, sometimes separated at the base.
Basin abrupt, rather narrow, moderately shallow to rather deep, sometimes slightly furrowed.
Skin dull green or yellowish, sometimes blushed and mottled with rather bright red, and striped with deeper red, roughened with russet flecks, often irregularly overspread with russet.
Dots small and gray, mingled with others which are large, irregular and russet.
Calyx tube large, cone-shape.
Stamens median to basal.
Core medium to small, somewhat abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical, closed or open; core lines slightly clasping.
Carpels roundish or obcordate, a little tufted.
Seeds apt to be abortive [more evidence of triploidy -ASC]; when well developed they are long, irregular, obtuse to acute, somewhat tufted.
Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, somewhat coarse, tender, juicy, crisp, brisk subacid, good to very good.
Season Commercial season September to November (17). As grown in Western New York generally some of the fruit may be kept till April.

This name is one of the old synonyms for Roxbury Russet but in the vicinity of Albion it has been applied to another variety which, so far as we can discover, has not been described in any publication. The fruit is roundish conic, regular, with medium cavity and basin. Skin pale yellowish-green, irregularly overspread with thin russet. Dots numerous, small. Flesh tinged slightly with yellow, moderately tender, mild subacid, not more than good in quality. Not considered desirable for commercial purposes.

REFERENCES. 1. Amer. Jour. Hort. and Florists' Companion, 1:357. 1866-67.  2. Downing, 1872:103. 3. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 4. Lyon, Mich. Sta. Bul., 152:220. 1808. 5. Ibid., 169:179. 1899. 6. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 1890:290. 7. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:290. 1901.  [8.  Burford, Tom. 2013. Apples of North America. ISBN 978-1-60469-249-5.]
Much esteemed by a few growers because the tree is healthy, hardy and productive, and the fruit is excellent for culinary use and good for dessert. It is rather attractive in color for an apple of the Greening class. Because of its tender skin and light color it shows the least bruise plainly. For this reason it requires very careful handling. It is even more apt to scald in storage than Rhode Island Greening. Most growers and buyers find it unsatisfactory as a commercial apple. It is said to succeed particularly well on sandy or gravelly loam, usually bearing annually. The fruit usually hangs well to the tree.
Historical.  It originated as a chance seedling on a farm on the dividing line of New York and Vermont where the original tree was still standing about a half century ago. Its name is derived from the fact that workmen found the hollow in this old tree a convenient place for the "bottle" (1). It is still handled by nurserymen (3) but is not being much planted in this state.
TREE
Tree medium in size, moderately vigorous; branches moderately long, stout, crooked, with yellowish bark. Form rather round and open. Twigs medium in length, straight, rather stout; internodes short to medium. Bark olive-green mingled with reddish-brown, pubescent and covered with thin scarf-skin.
Lenticels scattering, very small to medium, round, inconspicuous. Buds large to medium, broad, acute, appressed, heavily pubescent. Leaves medium, broad.
[Diseases:  Moderate resistance to the major diseases (8).]

FRUIT.
Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate to ovate, inclined to conic, pretty regular, sometimes obscurely ribbed, fairly symmetrical, sides sometimes unequal. Stem rather short. Cavity acuminate, moderately deep, rather broad, sometimes lipped, sometimes indistinctly furrowed or compressed.
Calyx rather large, closed:or somewhat open. Basin abrupt, medium in depth, rather narrow to moderately wide, often slightly furrowed, sometimes wrinkled.
Skin thin, tough, smooth, grass-green, or yellowish, thinly washed or often deeply blushed with dull pinkish-crimson, not striped. Dots few, usually submerged, pale and inconspicuous; a few scattering ones are russet.
Prevailing color green but more blushed than Rhode Island Greening.
Calyx tube rather large, conical. Stamens median.
Core rather small, somewhat abaxile; cells often closed towards apex and open at base; core lines slightly clasping. Carpels broad, roundish to obcordate. Seeds medium, acute.
Flesh nearly white, moderately firm, very tender, very juicy, peculiarly aromatic, pleasant subacid, good to very good.
Season October to March or later. Commercial season October to January.  [A fair keeper when Southern-grown, but tends to shrivel in storage (8).
Uses:  Mostly dessert, but also used for frying and making pies (Burford).]

Known locally for many years in the vicinity of Buffalo. We have not seen this variety. The following statement concerning it is furnished by C. D. Zimmerman, Buffalo, N. Y.: "Resembles Maiden Blush very much in size and color; keeps till June; flavor good; an enormous bearer. Often a large apple is borne at the extreme end of the branch."

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1872:108. 2. Mas, Le Verger, 4:93. col. pl. 3. Hogg, 1884:33. 4. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:235. 5. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:113. 1904.
Synonyms. Brownlees' Russet (1,4). Brownlees's Russet (3). Brownlees' Russet (5). Brownlees' Seedling Russet (1). REINETTE Grise BROWNLEES' (2). Reinette Grise Brownlees' (1).
Fruit excellent in quality, desirable in size, and of good appearance for a russet apple, but not sufficiently productive here to make it profitable for commercial planting.
Historical.  An English variety introduced by Mr. William Brownlees, a nurseryman at Hemel, Hempsted, Herts, about the year 1848 (3). It appears on the lists of some nurserymen but is but little known in New York and is not being planted here to any considerable extent.
TREE.
Tree vigorous, moderately productive. Form upright. Twigs numerous, rather short or sometimes long, generally slender, straight or slightly curved at base; internodes long. Bark smooth, clear reddish-brown somewhat shaded with olive-green and dull brownish-red, often overlaid with heavy scarf-skin; quite pubescent. Lenticels inconspicuous, not raised, moderately numerous, of medium size or small, roundish or elongated. Buds medium, more or less projecting, obtuse, somewhat pubescent.
FRUIT.
Fruit medium to large; fairly uniform in size, rather variable in shape.
Form oblate, often oblique, sometimes ribbed, irregular often bulging or with sides compressed, flattened at the base, rounded toward the basin. Stem usually short and thick, often swollen. Cavity large, variable in form, usually acute, deep, broad, furrowed, sometimes compressed or lipped. Calyx small, closed. Basin usually rather small, shallow, abrupt to obtuse, often somewhat furrowed and finely wrinkled.
Skin rather tender, entirely covered with russet or sometimes with patches of smooth yellow. Dots often conspicuous, scattering, pale gray or whitish.
Calyx tube small, varying from funnel-shape to conical. Stamens median to marginal.
Core nearly axile; cells symmetrical, closed or slightly open; core lines clasping. Carpels rather flat, rather pointed ovate, broad and almost truncate at the base, mucronate, somewhat tufted.
Seeds often abortive, rather dark reddish-brown, rather small to above medium, narrow to rather wide, plump, acute to acuminate, somewhat tufted.
Flesh more or less tinged with yellow, moderately firm, fine, moderately crisp, juicy, sprightly, with a rich subacid aromatic flavor which is found only in some russet apples, very good quality.
Season October to January or later (3, 5).

Known locally in Oswego county. The following statement concerning it is furnished by D. D. Stone of Oswego: "Tree healthy, and a good but not a rampant grower. In alternate years it bears heavily, yielding smooth fruit of large size which is excellent for baking or boiling. It withers or shrivels quickly in a dry cellar."
FRUIT.
Fruit large. Form ovate to oblong conic, often narrowing sharply towards the apex, more or less ribbed and irregular. Stem medium. Cavity medium to large, acute to acuminate, usually deep and somewhat russeted. Calyx closed or open, medium to small; lobes acuminate. Basin often oblique, shallow to moderately deep, rather narrow, abrupt, somewhat furrowed and wrinkled.
Skin moderately thick, tough, green or yellow, sometimes with a red cheek,and often much russeted.
Calyx tube small to medium, conical. Stamens median to basal.
Core large, axile to usually decidedly abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical, open; core lines meeting to slightly clasping. Carpels roundish obovate, somewhat tufted. Seeds medium or below, medium brown, plump, obtuse to acute.
Flesh tinged with yellow, fine, rather tender becoming tough when shriveled, juicy, very sweet, good to very good.
Season September to midwinter.

REFERENCES. I. Coxe, 1817:147. fig. 2. Downing, 1845:144. 3. Van Buren, Mag. Hort., 23:256. 1857. 4. Elliott, 1858:180. 5. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1858.  6. Mag. Hort., 27:98, 152. 1861. 7. Warder, 1867:537. fig. 8. Downing, 1872:109. 9. Leroy, 1873:87. 10. Barry, 1883:343. 11. Thomas, 1885:217.  12. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:290. 13. Wickson, 1891:246. 14. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:236. 15. Massey, N. C. Sta. Bul., 92:42. 1893. 16. Hoskins, Rural N. Y., 53:278. 1894. 17. Stinson, Ark. Sta. An. Rpt.., 1894:45.  18. Beach, N. Y. Sta. An. Rpt., 13:579. 1804. 19. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1895:195. 20. Powell and Fulton, U.S.B.P.I. Bul., 48:38. 1903. 21. Budd-Hansen, 1903:57. fig. 22. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:113. 1904.  [23.  Burford, Tom. 2013. Apples of North America. ISBN 978-1-60469-249-5.  24. Big Horse Creek Farm.]
   Synonyms. BACHELOR (9). Bachelor (8,11). Batchellor (9). Blackburn (8). Blackburn, erroneously (7). Buckingham (9). Byer's (8). Byer's Red (7, 8). Equinetely (3). Equinetely (8, 10, 11, 13, 17). Fall Queen (7, 8, 10, 15, 17, 21). Fall Queen of Kentucky (11, 16). Frankfort Queen (8). Henshaw (7,8). Kentucky Queen (8, 9, 11,17). King (8,9). Ladies' Favorite of Tenn. (8). Lexington Queen (8). Merit (8,9). Ne Plus Ultra (8,9). Ox-Eye of some in Kentucky (8). Queen (8, 9, 17). Red Gloria Mundi of some (8, 9). Red Horse (8, 17). Sol Carter (3, 8). WINTER QUEEN (1, 2, 4). Winter Queen (8, 9, 17, 18). Winter Queen of Kentucky, incorrectly (8). Winter Queening (2, 4).  [Iola (24).]
   This variety has long been favorably known in the southern states. When well grown it is decidedly attractive in appearance, but, as grown here, it is not especially attractive and not desirable.  This location is too far north for the variety to develop its best color and quality. While it occasionally gives heavy crops, we find it an irregular bearer and often unproductive.
   Historical.  Origin unknown (8), by some said to have come originally from Louisa county, Va. (7), by others, from North Carolina (3). It has long been known from Southern New Jersey southward through Virginia and westward through the Ohio valley.
TREE
Tree a moderate grower. Twigs short, rather slender, rather crooked considering the length; internodes short. Bark smooth, clear light reddish-brown mingled with olive-green, not pubescent. Lenticels rather scattering, below medium, generally elongated, raised. Buds medium or below, rather prominent, rather acute, slightly pubescent, lightly attached to the bark.
[Diseases:  Moderate resistance to the major diseases.(23).]

FRUIT.
Fruit large. Form oblate to roundish oblate, somewhat irregular, usually broadly and obscurely ribbed; sides sometimes unequal. Stem rather stout, short to medium. Cavity large, acute to acuminate, wide, deep, usually with heavy outspreading russet. Calyx medium to large, closed or open. Basin large, abrupt, wide, moderately deep, obscurely furrowed, wrinkled.
Skin thick, tough, pale yellow or pale green washed and mottled with red, striped and blushed with bright carmine. Dots numerous, small, light or russet, mingled with others which are large, gray and areolar. Prevailing effect in well colored specimens, beautiful red striped.
Calyx tube medium, varying from conical to funnel-form. Stamens median or approaching basal.
Core below medium to small, varying from decidedly abaxile to nearly axile; cells usually symmetrical and open or sometimes closed; core lines clasping. Carpels much concave, elliptical to roundish, emarginate, usually smooth. Seeds rather dark, medium to rather large, plump, wide and obtuse.
Flesh tinged with yellow, moderately firm, moderately coarse, rather tender, crisp, juicy with distinct aroma, mild subacid, fair to good.
Season November to April (20, 22). [Only fair keeping ability (23).
Uses:  Good all-purpose apple, especially good for baking. (23)]

REFERENCES. 1. Coxe, 1817:125. 2. Thacher, 1822:122. 3, Buel, N. Y. State Bd. of Agr. Memoirs, 3:476. Cat. No. 34. 1826. 4. Cat. Hort. Soc. London, 1831:35. 5. Kenrick, 1833:33. 6. Manning, 1838:54. 7. Dittrich, Syst. Handb. der Obstk., 1:504. 1839. 8. Downing, 1845:131. 1847. col. pl.  9. Thomas, 1849:178. fig.  10. Mag. Hort., 15:250. 1849. 11. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N.Y., 3:94. 1851. fig., col. pl. No. 52. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1852.  13. Mag. Hort. 19:126. 1853. 14. Biedenfeld, 1854:223. 15. Mag. Hort., 21:300, 398. 1855. 16. Hooper, 1857:11, 20. 17. Elliott, 1858:71. fig. 18. Flotow, Ill. Handb. der Obstk., 1:337. 1859. 19. Warder, 1867:521. 20. Regel, 1:440. 1868. 21. Mas, Le Verger, 4:33. col. pl. 22. Lauche, 1: col. pl. No. 73. 1882. 23. Barry, 1883:341. 24. Hogg, 1884:7. 25. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:288. 26. Bailey, An. Hort. 1892:236. 27. Munson, Me. Sta. An. Rpt., 1893:132. 28. Ont. Fr. Stas. An. Rpt. 2:32. 1895. 29. N. C. Bd. of Agr. Bul., 1900:6. 30. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:286. 1901. 31. Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Bul., 37:42. 1901. 32. Budd-Hansen, 1903:57. fig.
Synonyms. American Golden Russet (9, 16, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 31). American Golden Russet (17, 27, 29, 32). Bullock (30). Bullock's Pepping (18, 22). Bullock's Pippin (8). Bullock's Pippin (1, 2,9, 10, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21). Fall Winesap (17), erroneously. Golden Russet (5,6). Golden Russet (8, 9, 17). GOLDEN Russet, AMERICAN (8). Little Pearmain (17). Pippin Bullok (7, 14). SHEEPNOSE (1). Sheepnose (8,9,17). Sheep's Nose (4). Sheep's Snout (2).
Early in the last century Coxe described this as one of the finest apples in New Jersey in autumn and early winter (1). In 1826 Buel characterized it as "tender, juicy and high flavored; among the best fruit for table" (3). A. J. Downing called it "one of the most delicious and tender apples" (8). Thomas remarks that it is too small to become popular (9).
The fruit is below medium size, light yellow, marbled with thin russet. Flesh yellowish, very tender, with a mild, rich, spicy, slightly subacid flavor. It is still grown to a limited extent in some portions of the state, particularly in the Hudson and Champlain valleys. It may be recommended for the home orchard, but it has not been found profitable as a commercial sort. Some have found that it succeeds best on sandy or gravelly soil. Some nurserymen have reported that when grown on clay soil the bark of the trees is apt to split at the collar, and for this reason they prefer not to grow the trees in the nursery on their own trunks.
Historical.  Originated in Burlington county, New Jersey, more than a century ago (1). It has been favorably known in the West and the South (19) and as far north as Ontario and Quebec (31). In New England and the West it has been known as Golden Russet (5, 6, 8). To distinguish it from the English Golden Russet, Downing called it American Golden Russet (8). There are so many Golden Russets we prefer to follow the Catalogue of the American Pomological Society (12) and Hovey (10) and retain Coxe's name Bullock, believing this will be less liable to lead to confusion.
TREE
Tree not large but a fairly strong grower. Form upright or roundish.
Twigs short to medium, moderately stout, rather blunt at tip, nearly straight; internodes medium. Bark dull brownish-red or olive-green with a grayish hue due to the rather heavy scarf-skin; slightly pubescent. Lenticels only moderately numerous, inconspicuous, raised, below medium, elongated. Buds small to medium, moderately projecting, acute, sparingly pubescent, free.
FRUIT.
Fruit below medium. Form roundish conic to ovate, pretty regular in outline, uniform. Stem long, slender. Cavity acuminate to acute, moderately deep to deep, rather narrow, funnel-shape or compressed. Calyx rather small, closed. Basin small, often oblique, rather shallow, narrow, wrinkled, not ridged.
Skin attractive, pale yellow or greenish-yellow, more or less overspread and splashed with thin russet. Dots numerous, small, obscure, russet. General appearance attractive.
Core medium to rather large, axile, slightly open; core lines nearly meeting.
Carpels roundish. Seeds rather large, plump.
Flesh slightly tinged with yellow, firm, fine, crisp, very tender, juicy with an agreeable rich, aromatic, mild subacid flavor; very good to best. Season October to January.

"Fruit medium..."
Form roundish conical, regular;
Stem (Pedicel) short, slender;
Cavity medium or large, a little greenish
Calyx closed
Basin medium, slightly corrugated
Skin pale whitish-yellow shaded, mottled, striped and splashed with two shades of red, rather thinly over two-thirds of the surface, and moderately sprinkled with light dots,
Dots moderately sprinkled, a few being areole
Core rather small.
Flesh quite white, sometimes a little stained next to the skin, fine, tender, juicy, subacid, vinous, slight quince-like flavor; very good
Season mid-Autumn to early Winter

REFERENCES. 3, Montreal Hort. Soc. An. Rpt., 2:28. 1876. 2. Ib. 4:120. 1878. 3. Amer. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1881:6. 4. Downing, 1881:79. app. 5. Thomas, 1885:505. 6. Can. Hort., 12:337. 1889. 7. Ib., 15:337. 1892. 8. Rural N. Y., 52:51. 1893. 9. Munson, Me. Sta. An. Rpt., 1893:132. 10. Amer. Gard., 15:288. 1894. 11. Taylor, Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1895:193. 12. Lyon, Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:179. 1899. 13. Waugh, Vt. Sta. Bul., 83:90. 1900. 14. Macoun, Can. Dept. Agr. Bul., 37:43. 1901. 15. Rural N. Y., 61:800. 1902. 16. Stone and Wellington, Rural N. Y., 62:36. 1903. 17. Budd-Hansen, 1903: 59. 18. Beach and Clark, N. Y. Sta. Bul., 248:114. 1904.
The name is an unfortunate selection, since this variety does not resemble Baldwin, but belongs in the Fameuse group. It yields moderately heavy crops, and under favorable conditions tends to become an annual bearer. It is a better keeper than Fameuse, but is less attractive; yet highly colored specimens are beautiful and attractive. It is not recommended for planting, except in those regions where a hardy variety of the Fameuse type is desired to extend the Fameuse season.
Historical.  "Said to have originated from seed of Pomme de Fer on the farm of Alexis Dery, St. Hilaire, Que. It was given its name by N. C. Fisk, Abbotsford, Que., who propagated it in 1855." (14).
TREE.
Tree in the nursery is a moderate grower, with good hard wood and strong deep roots. In the orchard it is a moderate grower, upright, becoming rather open and spreading with age; branches long, moderately stout. Twigs medium to short, somewhat curved, moderately stout; internodes short to above medium in length. Bark dull dark brown, tinged with reddish-brown, mingled with olive-green, and lightly streaked with gray scarf-skin; slightly pubescent near tips. Lenticels rather numerous, medium to small, roundish or oblong, raised. Buds of medium size, plump, acute, free, quite pubescent. Leaves medium in size, broad.
FRUIT.
Fruit averages below medium. Form roundish inclined to conic, or sometimes slightly oblate, obscurely ribbed, usually symmetrical, regular, sides sometimes unequal; pretty uniform in size and shape. Stem pubescent, sometimes long, moderately slender and bracted, but more often short and thick. Cavity rather large, acute to somewhat obtuse, moderately deep to deep, moderately broad, smooth or partly covered with thin greenish russet, often slightly furrowed or compressed; pubescent near base of stem. Calyx closed or partly open, pubescent; lobes often long and acuminate, reflexed. Basin shallow to moderately deep, medium in width, obtuse or somewhat abrupt, often furrowed or compressed, irregularly wrinkled, often with a tendency to mammiform protuberances.
Skin thick, tough, smooth, pale yellow or greenish, mottled and blushed with bright red, splashed and striped with purplish-carmine, conspicuously marked with areolar dots and covered with a thin whitish bloom which makes the fruit somewhat dull in color. Dots large, numerous, whitish, areolar with russet or gray center. Prevailing effect in highly colored specimens beautiful and attractive, the color being a deep dark red, but as grown in Western New York the color effect is that of pale yellow striped with red. The skin takes a brilliant polish.
Calyx tube generally tends toward funnel-shape but is sometimes conical.
Stamens marginal to median.
Core medium or above, closed or partly open; core lines clasping; often part of the cells are not well developed because of abortive seeds. Carpels smooth, ovate to roundish, or obovate, slightly emarginate, mucronate. Seeds medium to large, plump, acute, numerous, rather narrow, long, smooth or sometimes slightly tufted, variable in color.
Flesh white, often tinged with red, firm, moderately coarse, crisp, moderately tender, juicy, mild subacid, sometimes slightly astringent, with a Fameuse-like aroma, pleasant, good or possibly very good in quality.
Season November to January but often some portion of the fruit may keep till April.
Use similar to Fameuse, Suitable for dessert. Cooks quickly but the color and texture of the cooked fruit are not good.

REFERENCES. 1. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N.Y., 3:102. 1851. fig. 2. Downing, 1857:126. 3. Elliott, 1858:126. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1860. 5. Mag. Hort., 27:99. 1861. 6. Warder, 1867:676. fig. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1871:38. 8. Barry, 1883:344. 9. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:236. 10. Ala. Sta. Bul., 47:7. 1893. 11. Powell and Fulton, U.S.B.P.I. Bul., 48:39. 1003.
Synonym. Cannon PEARMAIN (8).
Valued in the South as a long keeping apple of fairly good quality. Not adapted to New York conditions.
Historical.  Originated in Virginia or North Carolina (2,3,6,7).
TREE.
Tree healthy, vigorous, spreading.
FRUIT.
Fruit medium to nearly large, ovate varying to roundish, regular, symmetrical; pretty uniform. Skin greenish-yellow, mottled and washed with bright red faintly striped with carmine. Dots yellowish, often areolar with russet point. Core medium, axile, closed; core lines somewhat clasping, Flesh tinged with yellow, very firm, somewhat coarse, crisp, juicy, aromatic, subacid, good.
Season January to April.

REFERENCES. 1. Downing, 1872:120. 2. Leroy, 1873:205. fig. 3. Hogg, 1884: 190.
Synonyms. Carnation Apple. CARPENTIN REINETTE (1). Der Carpentin (1). Klein Graue Reinette (1). Petite-Reinette Grise (2). REINETTE Carpentin (3). Reinette Carpentin (2).
A little dessert fruit of about the size of the Lady apple, with red-russet skin and highly aromatic flavor. The following description is made from fruit furnished by C. D. Zimmerman, Buffalo, N. Y., who states that the variety has been marketed locally under the name Carnation apple.

FRUIT.
Fruit small to very small; uniform in size and shape. Form roundish conic to somewhat oblate, regular and symmetrical; occasionally sides unequal. Stem very long, slender. Cavity large, acute to acuminate, deep, broad, symmetrical, often with concentric broken russet lines. Calyx small, closed; lobes short, broad, nearly obtuse. Basin abrupt, shallow to moderately deep, narrow to moderately wide, nearly smooth or sometimes very lightly furrowed, symmetrical, marked with concentric broken lines of russet.
Skin thick, rather tough, dull yellow or with bright red blush, partly smooth but more or less netted or covered with cinnamon-russet. Dots scattering, gray.
Calyx tube small, short, narrow to rather wide, conical or funnel-shape. Stamens nearly basal.
Core axile, medium, often closed; core lines meeting or slightly clasping. Carpels elliptic to round or broadly obovate, emarginate. Seeds dark, medium to below, moderately wide, rather short, obtuse to broadly acute.
Flesh nearly white, sometimes with reddish tinge next the skin, very firm, fine, crisp, tender, very juicy, acid until fully ripe when it becomes subacid, brisk, strongly aromatic, with high flavor and very good quality.
Season December to April (3).

TREE.
Tree moderately vigorous with short, stout, curved branches.
Form upright spreading, roundish, rather dense.
Twigs short to moderately long, slightly curved, moderately slender; internodes medium to long.
Bark clear brownish-red with some olive-green, lightly mottled with scarf-skin; pubescent.
Lenticels numerous, small to medium, elongated or roundish, slightly raised.
Buds medium size, plump, obtuse to somewhat acute, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT
Fruit medium to large, usually above medium, uniform in size and shape.
Form roundish inclined to conic, somewhat flattened at the base, markedly ribbed, irregular, somewhat angular.
Stem (Pedicel) medium to long, thick.
Cavity obtuse to somewhat acute, moderately deep to deep, rather broad, somewhat furrowed, usually russeted.
Calyx medium in size, usually closed; lobes medium in length, rather narrow, acute.
Basin shallow, narrow, rather abrupt, much furrowed and wrinkled.
Skin thick, smooth, rather tender, yellow marbled with pale green, and occasionally having a thin brownish blush.
Dots numerous, small inconspicuous, submerged, light or russet.
Calyx tube very long to medium, deep, funnel-shape.
Stamens median to somewhat marginal.
Core large, very abaxile to sometimes axile; cells open or closed; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder.
Carpels elliptic to broadly obcordate, much concave, emarginate, much tufted.
Seeds large, wide, long, obtuse, dark dull brown.
Flesh very strongly tinged with yellow, rather firm, moderately coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, rather mild, subacid, good.
Season October to January.

TREE.
Tree medium to large, vigorous with long and moderately stout branches.
Form upright spreading to roundish, open.
Twigs long to medium, straight, moderately stout; internodes long.
Bark dull brown tinged with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin, heavily pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, medium size, oblong, slightly raised.
Buds medium size, plump, obtuse, appressed, pubescent.

FRUIT
Fruit medium to large, not very uniform in size or shape.
Form roundish, rather conical to ovate or somewhat oblong, irregularly ribbed; sides somewhat unequal.
Stem (Pedicel) medium to long, medium to rather thick.
Cavity acuminate to acute, moderately shallow to deep, rather narrow to medium in width, sometimes furrowed and usually lightly russeted.
Calyx small to medium, closed or slightly open.
Basin shallow to medium in depth, narrow, a little abrupt, nearly smooth.
Skin tender, greenish-yellow or pale yellow, often with a light crimson blush.
Dots numerous, small, russet or submerged.
Calyx tube conical to funnel form, usually rather short but sometimes elongated.
Stamens median to marginal.
Core large, axile to somewhat abaxile; cells open; core lines clasp the funnel cylinder.
Carpels smooth, elongated ovate, not emarginate.
Seeds rather dark brown, medium size, rather narrow and short, plump, sharp pointed, almost acuminate.
Flesh white or with slight tinge of yellow, rather fine, very tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid, good to very good.
Season late August till October.

REFERENCES.  1. Kenrick, 1835:65. 2. Floy-Lindley, 1846:410, app.  3. Thomas, 1849:164. 4. Cole, 1849:122. 5. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:67. 1851. 6. Elliott, 1854:168. 7. Downing, 1857:128. 8. Hooper, 1857:24.  9. Warder, 1867:715. 10. Downing, 1869:122. 11. Fitz, 1872:169.
   SYNONYMS.  Chandler's Red (11). General Chandler (1). Late Chandler (10). Winter Chandler (6).
In 1854 Elliott included Chandler in a list of varieties unworthy of cultivation (6). It is a late fall apple, yellowish striped with red. Tree moderately vigorous but a great bearer (7,10). An old variety supposedly of Connecticut origin though Kendrick (1) ascribes it to Chelmsford, Mass. There may be a confusion of two varieties. It is now but little cultivated.
Waugh describes another Chandler of sweet flavor which seems to be unknown in New York. He states that it is an old variety of Connecticut origin.

FRUIT (5,6,7,10).
Fruit large.
Form roundish, slightly oblate, irregular, unsymmetrical; sides unequal.
Stem (Pedicel) short.
Skin greenish-yellow, shaded and frequently striped with yellowish-red and with a few streaks of bright red.
Dots light gray.
Core small.
Seeds small.
Flesh greenish-yellow, tender, juicy, moderately rich, subacid.
Season mid-autumn to early winter.

REFERENCES.  1.Mag. Hort., 17:263. 1851. 2. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3: col. pl. No. 20. 1851. 3. Elliott, 1854:168. 4. Downing, 1857:211.  5. Hooper, 1857:25. 6. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1860:243. 7. Warder, 1867:522.  8. Thomas, 1875:496. 9. Waugh, Vt. Sta. An. Rpt., 14:291. 1901. 10. Ragan, U. S. B. P. I. Bul. 56:70. 1905.
   SYNONYMS.  Canada Reinette (9). Cathead (9) [not to be confused with another 'Cathead' -ASC]. Cheeseboro's Russet (6).  Cheeseborough (2,7,9). Cheeseborough Russet (1,3-5,8-10).  Forever Pippin (10, of some West 3,5). Howard Russet (3-5,10). Kingsbury Russet (3,4,5,10). Oxheart (9). Pumpkin Sweet of some (10) [not to be confused with 'Pumpkin Sweet' -ASC]. Sweet Russet (10). York Russet (10, of some 3,5). York Russeting (10).
This is an old variety of unknown origin which is fast becoming obsolete. Tree large to very large, very vigorous, long-lived, a reliable cropper yielding good to heavy crops biennially or almost annually; form upright spreading or roundish. Fruit large to very large, conical, dull green overspread with thin russet, coarse, rather dry, subacid or becoming almost sweet, inferior in flavor and quality, suitable for kitchen use only; season October to early winter.

TREE.
Tree medium size, vigorous with short, stout, curved branches.
Form upright spreading to roundish, rather dense.
Twigs long to medium, curved, moderately slender, internodes medium.
Bark olive-green tinged with dull brown, lightly streaked with scarf-skin; pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, small, round, not raised.
Buds deeply set in bark, small, flat, obtuse, appressed, slightly pubescent.
[Diseases:  Susceptible to fireblight, but moderately resistant to the other major diseases (Burford).]

FRUIT
Fruit above medium to large, but under unfavorable conditions it may be small and poorly colored.
Form elongated ovate or oblong conic, slightly ribbed.
Stem (Pedicel) short to medium, moderately thick.
Cavity acute to acuminate, deep, narrow, often somewhat furrowed and compressed, usually not russeted.
Calyx medium to large, partly open or closed; lobes often separated at the base, long, broad, obtuse.
Basin usually small, medium to rather shallow, narrow to moderately wide, obtuse to somewhat abrupt, furrowed, sometimes wrinkled.
Skin rather tough, glossy, yellowish-white, often almost entirely overspread and mottled with attractive pinkish-red, conspicuously striped and splashed with bright carmine.
Dots few, small, inconspicuous, light colored, often submerged.
Calyx tube long, funnel-shape or nearly so.
Stamens median.
Core rather large, abaxile; cells often unsymmetrical, wide open or closed; core lines clasping.
Carpels broadly ovate to oval, smooth.
Seeds small, moderately wide, plump, obtuse, not tufted.
Flesh white, moderately firm, tender, juicy, mild subacid, very aromatic, good to very good.  [Also good for applesauce (Burford)].
Season latter part of August and through September.  This is a summer apple in the South and like most summer apples, it does not keep well (Burford).

TREE.
Tree large to medium, vigorous.
Form upright spreading to roundish, rather dense.
Twigs short, curved, stout; internodes medium.
Bark brownish and olive-green, lightly mottled with scarf-skin; slightly pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, medium size, oblong, slightly raised.
Buds medium to large, broad, acute, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT
Fruit medium to large, averaging above medium.
Form roundish oblate to oblate conic or to oblong conic, usually faintly ribbed, unsymmetrical; not very uniform in shape.
Stem (Pedicel) short to medium in length, slender.
Cavity acuminate, deep, rather narrow to moderately wide, usually partly russeted and often with narrow, broken, outspreading russet rays.
Calyx small to rather large, closed or slightly open.
Basin rather shallow to moderately deep, rather narrow, obtuse to moderately abrupt, slightly furrowed and wrinkled.
Skin thin, smooth, waxy, pale whitish-yellow or greenish, often faintly shaded with orange-red or sometimes blushed with crimson; under some conditions the fruit develops but a slight blush or none.
Dots numerous, small, pale or russet, often submerged.
Calyx tube cone-shape.
Stamens
Core medium to rather large, abaxile; cells open; core lines slightly clasping.
Carpels broadly roundish, mucronate, slightly tufted.
Seeds medium to rather large, moderately wide, plump, obtuse to acute, slightly tufted, rather light brown.
Flesh whitish, firm, moderately fine, crisp, tender, juicy, rather sprightly subacid, good to very good.
Season October to January; some portion of the fruit may keep till spring but by January it begins to deteriorate in flavor and quality.

REFERENCES. 1. Warder, 1867:512. fig. 2. Downing, 1872:128. 3. Ib, 1872:6 of app. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt., 1875:36, 134. 5. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:236. 6. Mich. Sta. Bul., 105:108. 1894. 7. Thomas, 1897:632. 8. Lyon, Mich. Sta. Bul., 169:180. 1899. 9. Budd-Hansen, 1903:64.
Tree hardy, a good grower and fairly productive. Fruit of good size, good quality and fairly good, red color, but not brilliant enough to be especially attractive. As grown at the Geneva Station it has come into bearing young and been very productive. According to L. A. Goodman, it is being planted in the Ozark region of Southwestern Missouri, especially where a late keeping fruit is desired for export trade. It originated in Indiana (1, 4).

FRUIT.
Fruit above medium to large. Form roundish oblate to roundish inclined to conic. Stem medium, often obliquely set under a very prominent, fleshy lip. Cavity acute to sometimes obtuse, rather deep, broad, sometimes symmetrical but often furrowed, usually with conspicuous outspreading russet. Calyx small to medium, partly open or closed. Basin abrupt, medium in width and depth, usually symmetrical, often wrinkled.
Skin rather thick, tough, smooth, yellow blushed and mottled with a dark, usually rather dull red, with splashes and stripes of carmine, often marked with grayish scarf-skin near the cavity. Well colored specimens are nearly covered with red. Dots medium, pale or russet, scattering.
Calyx tube rather long, narrow, funnel-shape. Stamens marginal.
Core abaxile, medium; cells usually unsymmetrical, open; core lines clasping. Carpels much concave, elliptical, emarginate. Seeds numerous, dark, medium or below, plump, roundish, obtuse.
Flesh tinged with greenish-yellow, firm, rather coarse, crisp, neither tender nor very juicy, mild subacid, good for either cooking or market.
Season January to May or June.

REFERENCES.  1.Barry, 1851:283. 2. Elliott, 1854:127. 3. Downing, 1857: 129. 4. Hoffy, N. A. Pomol., 1860. col. pl. 5. Warder, 1867:604. fig.  6. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1875:6. 7. la. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1880:506. 8. Mo. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1884. 9. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 18g0:290. 10. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:236. 11. Thomas, 1897:250. 12. Budd-Hansen, 1903:65.
   SYNONYMS.  Clyde Beauty (1,2,4-7,11,12). Mackie's Clyde Beauty (2,3,4,11).
A large, late fall apple. So far as we can learn, it is now but little grown in this state. Lyon reports that in Michigan the tree is vigorous, upright, very productive, and the fruit desirable for market (9).
Historical.  This is a late autumn variety which orginated with Mr. Mackie, of Clyde, Wayne county (3,4).

TREE.
Tree vigorous, spreading.
Form
Twigs reddish-brown.

FRUIT
Fruit large.
Form roundish to oblong conic, more or less ribbed.
Stem (Pedicel) short, sometimes fleshy.
Cavity acute, deep, rather wide, furrowed.
Calyx small, closed.
Basin medium in depth, somewhat abrupt, furrowed.
Skin waxy, green or yellow, washed and mottled with dull red and striped with carmine becoming bright red on the exposed side.
Core large and open.
Seeds small, brown.
Flesh white, often tender, juicy, sprightly, pleasant subacid, good to very good.
Season October to December.

COLLAMER
The Collamer or Collamer Twenty Ounce is a sport of the Twenty Ounce, from which it differs in being more highly colored.  As compared with Twenty Ounce, it is less mottled and striped but more completely covered with red, which often extends in an unbroken blush over a considerable portion of the fruit.  In the Twenty Ounce this is seldom or never seen, but the red is mottled or appears in heavy stripes and splashes.  So far as we have been able to determine, Collamer is more regular in shape and, if ribbed at all, is less distinctly ribbed than Twenty Ounce.  The tree differs from Twenty Ounce in that the bark of the young twigs is more distinctly tinged with red.  The fruit being more attractive than Twenty Ounce, Collamer is worthy of consideration for commercial planting where an apple of the Twenty Ounce type is desired.
   Except in the points of difference above noted, Collamer appears to be identical with Twenty Ounce, and the reader is referred to the description of that variety for a technical account of the tree and fruit.
Historical.  This variety originated as a sport of the Twenty Ounce tree in the orchard of J.B. Collamer, Hilton, NY. Mr. Collamer began propagating it about 1900.

TREE.
Tree large, vigorous, with moderatly long, stout, crooked branches.
Form rather upright when young but eventually flat, spreading and open.
Twigs moderately long, straight, moderately stout; internodes short.
Bark dark brown, heavily mottled with scarf-skin; much pubescent.
Lenticels quite numerous, rather conspicuous, medium to large, oblong, raised.
Buds medium to large, broad, plump, acute, free, pubescent.

FRUIT
Fruit medium in size.
Form roundish, narrowing toward either end, slightly ribbed.
Stem (Pedicel) medium in length, stout.
Cavity small, acute to slightly acuminate, shallow, narrow.
Calyx medium in size, nearly closed; lobes long, rather recurved.
Basin small, shallow, obtuse, wrinkled.
Skin pale greenish-yellow, sometimes with a shade of red.
Dots numerous, large, greenish.
Calyx tube elongated funnel-form.
Stamens median.
Core medium to rather large, somewhat abaxile; cells open; core lines clasping.
Carpels broadly roundish.
Flesh whitish, rather coarse, crisp, juicy, mild subacid, fair to good.
Season last of July to early September.

TREE.
Tree medium size to large, moderately vigorous to vigorous; branches long, medium stout, curved, crooked.
Form upright spreading or roundish, open.
Twigs above medium to long, nearly straight, moderately stout; internodes medium.
Bark rather dark brownish-red, shaded with olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin, pubescent.
Lenticels scattering, medium, oblong, raised.
Buds medium to large, broad, prominent, very plump, obtuse, free, pubescent.
Leaves medium in size, broad.

FRUIT
Fruit averages large, fairly uniform in size, but variable in shape.
Form oblate to oblate conic, obscurely ribbed, irregular, and with sides sometimes unequal.
Stem (Pedicel) short, rather thick.
Cavity acute to slightly acuminate, medium to nearly deep, medium in width and sometimes broad, usually very heavily russeted, sometimes compressed and frequently lipped.
Calyx medium, closed or slightly open; lobes short, narrow, acuminate.
Basin abrupt, medium in depth, narrow, slightly furrowed.
Skin very thick, rather tough, rather dull greenish-yellow, sometimes partly washed with red and striped and splashed with carmine.
Dots inconspicuous, small, usually submerged; a few scattering ones are large and russet.
Prevailing color greenish-yellow, not particularly attractive.
Calyx tube broadly conical to funnel-shape.
Stamens median to basal.
Core axile, small, cells closed or partly open.
Carpels broad cordate, emarginate, tufted.
Seeds large to above medium, wide, rather long, plump, acute; frequently they are abortive. [Notice the high correlation between the author remarking on the leaves and the frequency of abortive seeds... smells like a TRIPLOID to me! -ASC]
Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, nearly coarse, crisp, moderately tender, juicy, subacid, good.
Season October to January or February.

TREE.
Tree small to below medium size, at first moderately vigorous but with age it becomes a slow grower with short, stout, curved branches.
Form spreading, open.
Twigs moderately long, curved, slender; internodes long.
Bark brown with some olive-green, lightly streaked with scarf-skin; pubescent near tips.
Lenticels scattering, medium to small, oblong, not raised.
Buds medium size, plump, obtuse, free, slightly pubescent.

FRUIT
Fruit large or very large.
Form roundish conic-flat at the base, varying to oblate conic, regular or somewhat ribbed, symmetrical.
Stem (Pedicel) below medium to long, rather slender to moderately thick.
Cavity large, acuminate or acute, very deep, broad, russeted and with outspreading rays of greenish russet.
Calyx medium to rather large, usually somewhat open; lobes medium in width and length, acute.
Basin narrow to medium in width, moderately deep to deep, abrupt, smooth or slightly wrinkled.
Skin thick, tough, smooth, waxy, clear greenish-yellow or whitish, mottled, marbled and blushed with bright red over nearly the whole surface with wide broken stripes of carmine radiating from the cavity, overspread with thin bloom.
Dots whitish or pale russet.
Prevailing effect bright red.
Calyx tube long, wide, funnel-shape or conical.
Stamens median or below.
Core medium size, somewhat abaxile; cells open or partly closed; core lines somewhat clasping.
Carpels broadly ovate or approaching cordate, emarginate.
Seeds medium or below, moderately wide, short, thick, plump, obtuse, dark brown.
Flesh whitish, moderately firm, coarse, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, fair to good; suitable for culinary use and market.
Season late September to November.

TREE.
Tree very vigorous
Form upright spreading

FRUIT
Fruit large, uniform, very attractive
Skin rather light yellow indistinctly streaked with mixed red
Flesh mild, subacid or nearly sweet
Season October to December.

REFERENCES.  1. Downing, 1857:131. 2. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 3. Warder, 1867:716. 4. Thomas, 1875:200. 5. Barry, 1883:337. 6. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:290. 7. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:237. 8. Van Deman, Rural N.Y., 61:671. 1902. fig.  9. Farrand, Mich. Sta. Bul., 205:44. 1903.  10. Budd-Hansen, 1903:67.
      SYNONYMS.  Cornell Fancy (1-5, 7,8,10). Cornell's Favourite (1).
Fruit usually of good medium size, sometimes large, waxen yellow and red, agreeable for dessert, in season from early September to November. The tree sometimes lacks vigor and productiveness (9).
Historical.  Origin Pennsylvania (1). It is but little known in New York.

FRUIT
Fruit above medium to large, uniform in size, somewhat variable in shape.
Form roundish conic to oblate conic, often quite strongly ribbed, irregular; sides usually unequal.
Stem (Pedicel) medium to rather long and slender.
Cavity moderately deep to deep, moderately wide, often compressed sometimes lipped, sometimes russeted, with the russet extending beyond the cavity.
Calyx below medium to rather large, closed or slightly open; lobes sometimes separated at the base, often upright, moderately acute.
Basin deep, wide, rather abrupt, strongly furrowed, slightly wrinkled.
Skin moderately thick, tough, smooth, clear pale waxen yellow, partly overspread with thin attractive pinkish-red, often quite regularly splashed and striped with bright carmine.
Dots conspicuous, variable, open or closed; core lines meeting or slightly clasping.
Calyx tube rather large, rather short, conical.
Stamens median.
Core below medium, variable, nearly axile to decidedly abaxile; cells variable open or closed; core lines meeting or slightly clasping.
Carpels broadly ovate, slightly emarginate, sometimes tufted.
Seeds numerous, rather large, dark brown, rather narrow, long, plump, acute to acuminate, sometimes tufted.
Flesh tinged with yellow, often affected with "Baldwin Spot," firm, moderately coarse, crisp, moderately tender, juicy, agreeable, mild subacid, aromatic, rich, sprightly, very good.
Season September to November.

TREE.
Tree medium size or above, moderately vigorous with rather slender branches.
Form upright, thickly branched, dense.
Twigs long to medium, rather slender irregularly crooked; internodes medium or below.
Bark olive-green somewhat mottled with reddish-brown, slightly pubescent.
Lenticels numerous, conspicuous, medium size, oblong, raised.
Buds medium size to rather small, roundish, obtuse, appressed, pubescent. Leaves small to medium size and inclined to be narrow.
[Flowering time:  Two days after 'Beauty of Bath' and with 'Discovery' and 'Worcester Pearmain' (11).] FRUIT
Fruit medium or above [6.5 cm in diameter x 5.4 cm high (11)], pretty uniform in size and shape.
Form roundish oblate, sometimes slightly inclined to conic, regular or faintly ribbed, symmetrical, axis sometimes oblique.
Stem (Pedicel) usually obliquely inclined, short, thick, sometimes long.
Cavity obtuse to somewhat acuminate, rather shallow to moderately deep, rather narrow, often somewhat russeted.
Calyx rather small, closed or partly open.
Basin rather shallow and obtuse to moderately deep and abrupt, rather narrow to moderately wide, smooth or slightly furrowed.
Skin rather thin, tough, smooth, attractive, washed with orange-red deepening to bright red and mottled and splashed with carmine, over a deep yellow background.
Dots conspicuous, large, areolar with pale gray or russet center.
Calyx tube cone-shape of funnel-form.
Stamens median to basal.
Core medium size, somewhat abaxile; cells usually symmetrical, open or closed; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder.
Carpels thin, obovate to obcordate, emarginate, usually smooth.
Seeds reddish-brown, above medium size, wide, obtuse to acute, often abortive.
Flesh firm, yellow, nearly fine, crisp, tender, very juicy, rich, sprightly subacid or becoming mild subacid, decidedly aromatic, very good to best.
Season September to January.

Tree large, very vigorous; branches stout, spreading.
Form upright becoming somewhat spreading.
Twigs long, moderately stout, light grayish-brown, quite pubescent; internodes short.
Bark dull reddish-brown with some olive-green and thickly mottled with scarf-skin.
Lenticels scattering medium to small, usually roundish.
Buds medium or sometimes small, rather broad, deeply set, obtuse or sometimes acute, pubescent, appressed.
leaves dark green, broad, medium to large; foliage rather dense.
FRUIT
Fruit large.
Form roundish oblate, symmetrical.
Stem (Pedicel) short.
Cavity broad, wavy.
Calyx closed or somewhat open.
Basin moderately deep, russeted.
Skin smooth, shining, clear light yellow, handsomely blushed, striped and splashed with scarlet.
Dots many, large, often red areolar with russet center.
Prevailing effect:  General appearance beautiful and attractive. Flesh white or with slight yellowish tinge, moderately juicy, mild subacid.
Season October to February. In the vicinity of its origin its season closes from a month to six weeks earlier than either Hubbardston or Tompkins King. In Northern New York and Ontario its season is late fall and early winter and often extends to midwinter.

TREE.
Tree moderately vigorous.
Form upright spreading, top roundish, open; branches long, slender, crooked.
Twigs medium in size, curved, slender; internodes very short.
Bark reddish-brown, streaked with scarf-skin, slightly pubescent.
Lenticels numerous, very small, oblong.
Buds small, plump, obtuse, deeply set in the bark.
Leaves medium in size, narrow.
[Diseases:  Moderately resistant to most apple diseases (5).]

FRUIT
Fruit about medium in size.
Form roundish to oblong or ovate.
Stem (Pedicel) long, slender.
Cavity obtuse to sometimes acute, shallow, medium in width, symmetrical or obscurely furrowed, bright green or sometimes with outspreading russet.
Calyx small to medium, closed.
Basin small, shallow, narrow, somewhat abrupt, furrowed and wrinkled.
Skin tough, nearly smooth, bright pale yellow or greenish sometimes with faint, bronze blush.
Dots numerous, but conspicuous, russet.
Calyx tube rather small, funnel-shape or cone-shape.
Stamens median.
Core large, abaxile; cells usually symmetrical and open; core lines clasping the funnel cylinder or meeting when the tube is conical.
Carpels ovate, nearly smooth.
Seeds numerous, rather light brown, flat, acute to acuminate.
Flesh whitish, firm, crisp, tender, rather juicy, sweet, agreeably flavored, good to very good.
Season October and November. Fall ripening in Virginia and a good keeper (5).

TREE.
Tree rather vigorous.
Form spreading and somewhat upright.
Twigs moderately stout, nearly straight; internodes short.
Bark bright brownish-red.
Lenticels roundish, often conspicuous, scattering, small.
Buds medium size appressed, obtuse, short, pubescent.
Leaves medium size, somewhat narrow often the base of the petioles is conspicuously streaked with red.

FRUIT
Fruit large.
Form broadly roundish, often rather conical, sometimes broadly ribbed, pretty regular, uniform.
Stem (Pedicel) medium to rather long, slender.
Cavity large, acute to acuminate, deep, broad, usually smooth and symmetrical, sometimes slightly furrowed, occasionally prominently lipped.
Calyx small, partly open or closed; lobes rather narrow, acute.
Basin small, shallow, obtuse to somewhat abrupt, nearly smooth, a little wrinkled.
Skin moderately thick, tough, smooth, rather bright green becoming yellow, usually partly covered with a thin, pinkish-red blush upon which there are often seen red aerolar dots with russet or whitish center; commonly the dots are whitish and often submerged.
Dots whitish and often submerged
Prevailing effect green or yellowish.
Calyx tube long, funnel-form.
Stamens median to nearly marginal.
Core a little abaxile, medium to small; cells symmetrical, open or nearly so; core lines clasp the base of the cylinder.
Carpels thin, generally smooth, numerous, medium or above, rather wide, obtuse.
Seeds
Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately coarse, tender, rather juicy, pleasant subacid, good.
Season October to January.

Tree small, moderately vigorous to vigorous; branches short, moderately stout.
Form very spreading and drooping, rather dense.
Twigs below medium length to short, almost straight, moderately stout to rather slender; internodes short to medium.
Bark brown tinged with clear bright red, with but little or no scarf-skin and but slightly pubescent.,
Lenticels rather conspicuous, clear in color, scattering, medium in size, oblong, raised.
Buds medium or above, rather prominent, plump, obtuse to acute, free or nearly so, somewhat pubescent.

FRUIT
Fruit medium to large, uniform.
Form roundish conic to roundish oblate, symmetrical.
Stem (Pedicel) long, rather thick.
Cavity acute to almost acuminate, rather deep, broad, sometimes lightly russeted, obscurely furrowed.
Calyx medium to large, open or partly closed.
Basin decidedly abrupt, moderately deep to deep moderately broad, obscurely furrowed, wrinkled.
Skin thin, tender, smooth, bright pale yellow or whitish mostly covered with a bright pinkish-red blush striped and splashed with bright carmine and covered with light bloom.
Dots scattering, light, small.
General appearance red of red striped over contrasting yellow, attractive. Calyx tube long, moderately wide, funnel-shape or sometimes conical.
Stamens median to marginal.
Core almost axile, medium or below; cells closed or partly open; core lines clasping or nearly so.
Carpels broadly elliptical, not emarginate, slightly tufted.
Seeds large, wide, long, somewhat flat, obtuse to acute, dull dark brown.
Flesh tinged with yellow, firm, crisp, nearly fine-grained, tender, very juicy, aromatic, brisk subacid eventually becoming mild, very good.
Season September and October or sometimes later.

REFERENCES.  1. Kenrick, 1835:60. 2. Mag. Hort., 3:37. 1837. 3. Downing, 1845:83. 4. Horticulturist, 2:289. 1847. 5. Cole, 1849:111. 6. Thomas, 1849:153. fig. 7. Barry, 1851:283, 286. 8. Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. Y., 3:30. 1851. 9. Elliott,:854:75. 10. Hooper, 1857:30. 11. Hovey, Mag. Hort., 27:70. 1861. fig. 12. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat., 1862. 13. Warder, 1867:639. fig.  14. Lyon, Mich. Hort. Soc. Rpt., 1890:290. 15. Bailey, An. Hort., 1892:238.  16. Hansen, S. D. Sta. Bul., 76:47. 1902. 17. Budd-Hansen, 1903:72. fig.
   SYNONYMS.  Bard Apple, Beard Burden, Bullripe (9,11). Coe's Spice (11). Golden Spice (9,11). Mygatt's Bergamot (9,11). Pomme Royal (2,6,8-11,14,16,176). Pomme Royale (4,5,7). Pomme Roye (4). Pomme Water (9,11). Pommewater in Ill. (13). Smithfield Spice (3,5,10,11). Tompkins (9,11). White Spice (9,11). Woodstock (1).
One of the very finest dessert apples but not a good commercial variety (14). The fruit is of medium size, greenish-yellow with a shade of red. The crop does not ripen evenly and it requires more than one picking. It come in season in August or early September and ripens continuously until midautumn. The tree is vigorous in the nursery but does not grow to be a large tree in the orchard. It succeeds better when topworked upon some hardier vigorous stock such as Tolman Sweet or Northern Spy. It is not long-lived but comes into bearing rather young and yields good crops biennially.
Historical.  This variety has been supposed by some to be of French origin and was formerly known as Pomme Royale, but Hovey believed it to be an American apple (11). It was known in cultivation in Rhode Island during the Revolutionary War (4). It was named Dyer by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society more than fifty years ago and has retained that name. It is still occasionally listed by nurserymen (15). It is but little cultivated in New York and is now seldom, if ever, planted in this state.

FRUIT
Fruit medium or sometimes large.
Form roundish, slightly oblate, regular or obscurely ribbed.
Stem (Pedicel) medium to long, slender.
Cavity rather small, acute, moderately deep to deep, sometimes lipped.
Calyx small, closed; lobes short to rather long, recurved.
Basin medium to small, shallow to moderately deep, furrowed.
Skin smooth, clear pale yellow or greenish, more or less flecked and marbled with thin russet with a brownish blush on one cheek.
Dots dark or russet.
Core medium size; cells open or closed; core lines clasping.
Seeds numerous, plump, short, medium to small, pale.
Flesh yellowish-white, fine, very crisp, tender, aromatic, sprightly, mild subacid, highly flavored, very good to best.
Season September and October.